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Central Park is an urban park between the Upper West Side and Upper East Side neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City that was the first landscaped park in the United States It is the sixth largest park in the city containing 843 acres 341 ha and the most visited urban park in the United States with an estimated 42 million visitors annually as of 2016 update Central ParkAerial view of southern Central Park in September 2014TypeUrban parkLocationManhattan New York City New York U S Coordinates40 46 56 N 73 57 55 W 40 78222 N 73 96528 W 40 78222 73 96528Area843 acres 341 ha 1 317 sq mi 3 41 km2 Created1857 1876Owned byNYC ParksOperated byCentral Park ConservancyVisitorsabout 42 million annuallyOpen6 00 a m to 1 00 a m Public transit accessSubway and bus see Public transport U S National Register of Historic PlacesU S National Historic LandmarkNew York State Register of Historic PlacesNYC Scenic LandmarkArchitectFrederick Law Olmsted 1822 1903 Calvert Vaux 1824 1895 NRHP reference No 66000538NYSRHP No 06101 000663Significant datesAdded to NRHPOctober 15 1966Designated NHLMay 23 1963Designated NYSRHPJune 23 1980Designated NYCLMarch 26 1974 The creation of a large park in Manhattan was first proposed in the 1840s and a 778 acre 315 ha park approved in 1853 In 1858 landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won a design competition for the park with their Greensward Plan Construction began in 1857 existing structures including a majority Black settlement named Seneca Village were seized through eminent domain and razed The park s first areas were opened to the public in late 1858 Additional land at the northern end of Central Park was purchased in 1859 and the park was completed in 1876 After a period of decline in the early 20th century New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses started a program to clean up Central Park in the 1930s The Central Park Conservancy created in 1980 to combat further deterioration in the late 20th century refurbished many parts of the park starting in the 1980s The park s main attractions include the Ramble and Lake Hallett Nature Sanctuary the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir and Sheep Meadow amusement attractions such as Wollman Rink Central Park Carousel and the Central Park Zoo formal spaces such as the Central Park Mall and Bethesda Terrace and the Delacorte Theater The biologically diverse ecosystem has several hundred species of flora and fauna Recreational activities include carriage horse and bicycle tours bicycling sports facilities and concerts and events such as Shakespeare in the Park Central Park is traversed by a system of roads and walkways and is served by public transportation Its size and cultural position make it a model for the world s urban parks Its influence earned Central Park the designations of National Historic Landmark in 1963 and of New York City scenic landmark in 1974 Central Park is owned by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation but has been managed by the Central Park Conservancy since 1998 under a contract with the municipal government in a public private partnership The Conservancy a non profit organization raises Central Park s annual operating budget and is responsible for all basic care of the park DescriptionNotable buildings and structures of Central Park Click on the map and then on the points for details This map viewtalkedit Central Park is bordered by Central Park North at 110th Street Central Park South at 59th Street Central Park West at Eighth Avenue and Fifth Avenue on the east The park is adjacent to the neighborhoods of Harlem to the north Midtown Manhattan to the south the Upper West Side to the west and the Upper East Side to the east It measures 2 5 miles 4 0 km from north to south and 0 5 miles 0 80 km from west to east Design and layout Central Park is split into three sections the North End extending above the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir Mid Park between the reservoir to the north and the Lake and Conservatory Water to the south and South End below the Lake and Conservatory Water The park has five visitor centers Charles A Dana Discovery Center Belvedere Castle Chess amp Checkers House the Dairy and Columbus Circle The park has been described as the first landscaped park in the United States It has natural looking plantings and landforms having been almost entirely landscaped when built in the 1850s and 1860s It has eight lakes and ponds that were created artificially by damming natural seeps and flows There are several wooded sections lawns meadows and minor grassy areas There are 21 children s playgrounds and 6 1 miles 9 8 km of drives Central Park is the fifth largest park in New York City behind Pelham Bay Park the Staten Island Greenbelt Van Cortlandt Park and Flushing Meadows Corona Park with an area of 843 acres 341 ha 1 317 sq mi 3 41 km2 Central Park constitutes its own United States census tract numbered 143 According to American Community Survey five year estimates the park was home to four females with a median age of 19 8 Though the 2010 United States Census recorded 25 residents within the census tract park officials have rejected the claim of anyone permanently living there Visitors Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States and one of the most visited tourist attractions worldwide with 42 million visitors in 2016 The number of unique visitors is much lower a Central Park Conservancy report conducted in 2011 found that between eight and nine million people visited Central Park with 37 to 38 million visits between them By comparison there were 25 million visitors in 2009 and 12 3 million in 1973 The number of tourists as a proportion of total visitors is much lower in 2009 one fifth of the 25 million park visitors recorded that year were estimated to be tourists The 2011 Conservancy report gave a similar ratio of park usage only 14 of visits are by people visiting Central Park for the first time According to the report nearly two thirds of visitors are regular park users who enter the park at least once weekly and about 70 of visitors live in New York City Moreover peak visitation occurred during summer weekends and most visitors used the park for passive recreational activities such as walking or sightseeing rather than for active sport Panoramic view of Central Park from Rockefeller Center in 2008 Central Park in 2004GovernanceThe park is managed and maintained by the Central Park Conservancy a private not for profit organization under contract with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation NYC Parks The president of the Conservancy is the ex officio administrator of Central Park who effectively oversees the work of both the park s private and public employees under the authority of the publicly appointed Central Park Administrator who reports to both the parks commissioner and the Conservancy s president The Central Park Conservancy was founded in 1980 as a nonprofit organization with a citizen board to assist with the city s initiatives to clean up and rehabilitate the park The Conservancy took over the park s management duties from NYC Parks in 1998 though NYC Parks retained ownership of Central Park The conservancy provides maintenance support and staff training programs for other public parks in New York City and has assisted with the development of new parks such as the High Line and Brooklyn Bridge Park Central Park is patrolled by its own New York City Police Department precinct the 22nd Central Park Precinct at the 86th Street transverse The precinct employs both regular police and auxiliary officers The 22nd Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s with crimes across all categories having decreased by 81 2 between 1990 and 2023 The precinct saw no murders three rapes 23 robberies nine felony assaults five burglaries 48 grand larcenies and no grand larcenies auto in 2023 The citywide New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol patrols Central Park and the Central Park Conservancy sometimes hires seasonal Parks Enforcement Patrol officers to protect certain features such as the Conservatory Garden A free volunteer medical emergency service the Central Park Medical Unit operates within Central Park The unit operates a rapid response patrol with bicycles ambulances and an all terrain vehicle Before the unit was established in 1975 municipal EMS often took over 30 minutes to respond to incidents in the park HistoryJoh Randel Jr s surveying boltPlanning Between 1821 and 1855 New York City s population nearly quadrupled As the city expanded northward up Manhattan people were drawn to the few existing open spaces mainly cemeteries for passive recreation These were seen as escapes from the noise and chaotic life in the city which at the time was almost entirely centered on Lower Manhattan The Commissioners Plan of 1811 the outline for Manhattan s modern street grid included several smaller open spaces but not Central Park As such John Randel Jr had surveyed the grounds for the construction of intersections within the modern day park site The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is embedded in a rock north of the present Dairy and the 66th Street transverse marking the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue Site Map of the former Seneca Village from Egbert Ludovicus Viele s survey for Central Park By the 1840s members of the city s elite were publicly calling for the construction of a new large park in Manhattan At the time Manhattan s seventeen squares comprised a combined 165 acres 67 ha of land the largest of which was the 10 acre 4 ha Battery Park at Manhattan island s southern tip These plans were endorsed in 1844 by New York Evening Post editor William Cullen Bryant and in 1851 by Andrew Jackson Downing one of the first American landscape designers Mayor Ambrose Kingsland in a message to the New York City Common Council on May 5 1851 set forth the necessity and benefits of a large new park and proposed the council move to create such a park Kingsland s proposal was referred to the council s Committee of Lands which endorsed the proposal The committee chose Jones s Wood a 160 acre 65 ha tract of land between 66th and 75th streets on the Upper East Side as the park s site as Bryant had advocated for Jones Wood The acquisition was controversial because of its location small size relative to other potential uptown tracts and cost A bill to acquire Jones s Wood was invalidated as unconstitutional so attention turned to a second site a 750 acre 300 ha area known as Central Park bounded by 59th and 106th streets between Fifth and Eighth avenues Croton Aqueduct Board president Nicholas Dean who proposed the Central Park site chose it because the Croton Aqueduct s 35 acre 14 ha 150 million US gallon 570 10 6 L collecting reservoir would be in the geographical center In July 1853 the New York State Legislature passed the Central Park Act authorizing the purchase of the present day site of Central Park The board of land commissioners conducted property assessments on more than 34 000 lots in the area completing them by July 1855 While the assessments were ongoing proposals to downsize the plans were vetoed by mayor Fernando Wood At the time the site was occupied by free black people and Irish immigrants who had developed a property owning community there since 1825 Most of the Central Park site s residents lived in small villages such as Pigtown Seneca Village or in the school and convent at Mount St Vincent s Academy Clearing began shortly after the land commission s report was released in October 1855 and approximately 1 600 residents were evicted under eminent domain Though supporters claimed that the park would cost just 1 7 million the total cost of the land ended up being 7 39 million equivalent to 242 million in 2023 more than the price that the United States would pay for Alaska a few years later Design contest In June 1856 Fernando Wood appointed a consulting board of seven people headed by author Washington Irving to inspire public confidence in the proposed development Wood hired military engineer Egbert Ludovicus Viele as the park s chief engineer tasking him with a topographical survey of the site The following April the state legislature passed a bill to authorize the appointment of four Democratic and seven Republican commissioners who had exclusive control over the planning and construction process Though Viele had already devised a plan for the park the commissioners disregarded it and retained him to complete only the topographical surveys The Central Park Commission began hosting a landscape design contest shortly after its creation The commission specified that each entry contain extremely detailed specifications as mandated by the consulting board Thirty three firms or organizations submitted plans In April 1858 the park commissioners selected Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux s Greensward Plan as the winning design Three other plans were designated as runners up and featured in a city exhibit Unlike many of the other designs which effectively integrated Central Park with the surrounding city Olmsted and Vaux s proposal introduced clear separations with sunken transverse roadways The plan eschewed symmetry instead opting for a more picturesque design It was influenced by the pastoral ideals of landscaped cemeteries such as Mount Auburn in Cambridge Massachusetts and Green Wood in Brooklyn The design was also inspired by Olmsted s 1850 visit to Birkenhead Park in Birkenhead England which is generally acknowledged as the first publicly funded civil park in the world According to Olmsted the park was of great importance as the first real Park made in this country a democratic development of the highest significance The modified Greensward Plan for the park from 1868 Construction Construction of Central Park s design was executed by a gamut of professionals Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were the primary designers assisted by board member Andrew Haswell Green architect Jacob Wrey Mould master gardener Ignaz Anton Pilat and engineer George E Waring Jr Olmsted was responsible for the overall plan while Vaux designed some of the finer details Mould who worked frequently with Vaux designed the Central Park Esplanade and the Tavern on the Green building Pilat was the park s chief landscape architect whose primary responsibility was the importation and placement of plants within the park A corps of construction engineers and foremen managed by superintending engineer William H Grant were tasked with the measuring and constructing architectural features such as paths roads and buildings Waring was one of the engineers working under Grant s leadership and was in charge of land drainage Central Park was difficult to construct because of the generally rocky and swampy landscape Around five million cubic feet 140 000 m3 of soil and rocks had to be transported out of the park and more gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War More than 18 500 cubic yards 14 100 m3 of topsoil were transported from Long Island and New Jersey because the original soil was neither fertile nor sufficiently substantial to sustain the flora specified in the Greensward Plan Modern steam powered equipment and custom tree moving machines augmented the work of unskilled laborers In total over 20 000 individuals helped construct Central Park Because of extreme precautions taken to minimize collateral damage five laborers died during the project at a time when fatality rates were generally much higher During the development of Central Park Superintendent Olmsted hired several dozen mounted police officers who were classified into two types of keepers park keepers and gate keepers The mounted police were viewed favorably by park patrons and were later incorporated into a permanent patrol The regulations were sometimes strict For instance prohibited actions included games of chance speech making large congregations such as picnics or picking flowers or other parts of plants These ordinances were effective by 1866 there had been nearly eight million visits and only 110 arrests in the park s history Late 1850s The Lake one of the first features of Central Park to be completed In late August 1857 workers began building fences clearing vegetation draining the land and leveling uneven terrain By the following month chief engineer Viele reported that the project employed nearly 700 workers Olmsted employed workers using day labor hiring men directly without any contracts and paying them by the day Many of the laborers were Irish immigrants or first or second generation Irish Americans and some Germans and Italians there were no black or female laborers The workers were often underpaid and workers would often take jobs at other construction projects to supplement their income A pattern of seasonal hiring was established wherein more workers would be hired and paid at higher rates during the summers For several months the park commissioners faced funding issues and a dedicated workforce and funding stream was not secured until June 1858 The landscaped Upper Reservoir was the only part of the park that the commissioners were not responsible for constructing instead the Reservoir would be built by the Croton Aqueduct board Work on the Reservoir started in April 1858 The first major work in Central Park involved grading the driveways and draining the land in the park s southern section The Lake in Central Park s southwestern section was the first feature to open to the public in December 1858 followed by the Ramble in June 1859 The same year the New York State Legislature authorized the purchase of an additional 65 acres 26 ha at the northern end of Central Park from 106th to 110th Streets The section of Central Park south of 79th Street was mostly completed by 1860 The park commissioners reported in June 1860 that 4 million had been spent on the construction to date As a result of the sharply rising construction costs the commissioners eliminated or downsized several features in the Greensward Plan Based on claims of cost mismanagement the New York State Senate commissioned the Swiss engineer Julius Kellersberger to write a report on the park Kellersberger s report submitted in 1861 stated that the commission s management of the park was a triumphant success Map of improvements underway by 1858 1860s Bethesda Terrace and Fountain under construction in 1862 Olmsted often clashed with the park commissioners notably with Chief Commissioner Green Olmsted resigned in June 1862 and Green was appointed to Olmsted s position Vaux resigned in 1863 because of what he saw as pressure from Green As superintendent of the park Green accelerated construction though having little experience in architecture He implemented a style of micromanagement keeping records of the smallest transactions in an effort to reduce costs Green finalized the negotiations to purchase the northernmost 65 acres 26 ha of the park which was later converted into a rugged woodland and the Harlem Meer waterway When the American Civil War began in 1861 the park commissioners decided to continue building Central Park since significant parts of the park had already been completed Only three major structures were completed during the Civil War the Music Stand and the Casino restaurant both later demolished and the Bethesda Terrace and Fountain By late 1861 the park south of 72nd Street had been completed except for various fences Work had begun on the northern section of the park but was complicated by a need to preserve the historic McGowan s Pass The Upper Reservoir was completed the following year During this period Central Park began to gain popularity One of the main attractions was the Carriage Parade a daily display of horse drawn carriages that traversed the park Park patronage grew steadily by 1867 Central Park accommodated nearly three million pedestrians 85 000 horses and 1 38 million vehicles annually The park had activities for New Yorkers of all social classes While the wealthy could ride horses on bridle paths or travel in horse drawn carriages almost everyone was able to participate in sports such as ice skating or rowing or listen to concerts at the Mall s bandstand Olmsted and Vaux were re hired in mid 1865 Several structures were erected including the Children s District the Ballplayers House and the Dairy in the southern part of Central Park Construction commenced on Belvedere Castle Harlem Meer and structures on Conservatory Water and the Lake 1870 1876 completion Gentry in the new park c 1870 The Tammany Hall political machine which was the largest political force in New York at the time was in control of Central Park for a brief period beginning in April 1870 A new charter created by Tammany boss William M Tweed abolished the old 11 member commission and replaced it with one with five men composed of Green and four other Tammany connected figures Subsequently Olmsted and Vaux resigned again from the project in November 1870 After Tweed s embezzlement was publicly revealed in 1871 leading to his imprisonment Olmsted and Vaux were re hired and the Central Park Commission appointed new members who were mostly in favor of Olmsted One of the areas that remained relatively untouched was the underdeveloped western side of Central Park though some large structures would be erected in the park s remaining empty plots By 1872 Manhattan Square had been reserved for the American Museum of Natural History founded three years before at the Arsenal A corresponding area on the East Side originally intended as a playground would later become the Metropolitan Museum of Art In the final years of Central Park s construction Vaux and Mould designed several structures for Central Park The park s sheepfold now Tavern on the Green and Ladies Meadow were designed by Mould in 1870 1871 followed by the administrative offices on the 86th Street transverse in 1872 Even though Olmsted and Vaux s partnership was dissolved by the end of 1872 the park was not officially completed until 1876 Late 19th and early 20th centuries first decline Belvedere Castle completed 1869Lower end of the mall seen in 1901 By the 1870s the park s patrons increasingly came to include the middle and working class and strict regulations were gradually eased such as those against public gatherings Because of the heightened visitor count neglect by the Tammany administration and budget cuts demanded by taxpayers the maintenance expenses for Central Park had reached a nadir by 1879 Olmsted blamed politicians real estate owners and park workers for Central Park s decline though high maintenance costs were also a factor By the 1890s the park faced several challenges cars were becoming commonplace and with the proliferation of amusements and refreshment stands people were beginning to see the park as a recreational attraction The 1904 opening of the New York City Subway displaced Central Park as the city s predominant leisure destination as New Yorkers could travel to farther destinations such as Coney Island beaches or Broadway theaters for a five cent fare In the late 19th century the landscape architect Samuel Parsons took the position of New York City parks superintendent A onetime apprentice of Calvert Vaux Parsons helped restore the nurseries of Central Park in 1886 Parsons closely followed Olmsted s original vision for the park restoring Central Park s trees while blocking the placement of several large statues in the park Under Parsons leadership two circles now Duke Ellington and Frederick Douglass Circles were constructed at the northern corners of the park He was removed in May 1911 following a lengthy dispute over whether an expense to replace the soil in the park was unnecessary A succession of Tammany affiliated Democratic mayors were indifferent toward Central Park Several park advocacy groups were formed in the early 20th century To preserve the park s character the citywide Parks and Playground Association and a consortium of multiple Central Park civic groups operating under the Parks Conservation Association were formed in the 1900s and 1910s These associations advocated against such changes to the park as the construction of a library sports stadium a cultural center and an underground parking lot A third group the Central Park Association was created in 1926 The Central Park Association and the Parks and Playgrounds Association were merged into the Park Association of New York City two years later The Heckscher Playground named after philanthropist August Heckscher who donated the play equipment opened near its southern end in 1926 and quickly became popular with poor immigrant families The following year Mayor Jimmy Walker commissioned landscape designer Hermann W Merkel to create a plan to improve Central Park Merkel s plans would combat vandalism and plant destruction rehabilitate paths and add eight new playgrounds at a cost of 1 million One of the suggested modifications underground irrigation pipes were installed soon after Merkel s report was submitted The other improvements outlined in the report such as fences to mitigate plant destruction were postponed due to the Great Depression 1930s to 1950s Moses rehabilitation In 1934 Republican Fiorello La Guardia was elected mayor of New York City He unified the five park related departments then in existence Newly appointed city parks commissioner Robert Moses was given the task of cleaning up the park and he summarily fired many of the Tammany era staff At the time the lawns were filled with weeds and dust patches while many trees were dying or already dead Monuments had been vandalized equipment and walkways were broken and ironwork was rusted Moses s biographer Robert Caro later said The once beautiful Mall looked like a scene of a wild party the morning after Benches lay on their backs their legs jabbing at the sky During the following year the city s parks department replanted lawns and flowers replaced dead trees and bushes sandblasted walls repaired roads and bridges and restored statues The park menagerie was transformed into the modern Central Park Zoo and a rat extermination program was instituted within the zoo Another dramatic change was Moses removal of the Hoover valley shantytown at the north end of Turtle Pond which became the 30 acre 12 ha Great Lawn The western part of the Pond at the park s southeast corner became an ice skating rink called Wollman Rink roads were improved or widened and twenty one playgrounds were added These projects used funds from the New Deal program and donations from the public Moses removed Sheep Meadow s sheep to make way for the Tavern on the Green restaurant Renovations in the 1940s and 1950s include a restoration of the Harlem Meer completed in 1943 and a new boathouse completed in 1954 Moses began construction on several other recreational features in Central Park such as playgrounds and ball fields One of the more controversial projects proposed during this time was a 1956 dispute over a parking lot for Tavern in the Green The controversy placed Moses an urban planner known for displacing families for other large projects around the city against a group of mothers who frequented a wooded hollow at the site of a parking lot Though opposed by the parents Moses approved the destruction of part of the hollow Demolition work commenced after Central Park was closed for the night and was only halted after the threat of a lawsuit 1960s and 1970s Events Era and second decline Moses left his position in May 1960 No park commissioner since then has been able to exercise the same degree of power nor did NYC Parks remain in as stable a position in the aftermath of his departure Eight commissioners held the office in the twenty years following his departure The city experienced economic and social changes with some residents moving to the suburbs Interest in Central Park s landscape had long since declined and it was now mostly being used for recreation Several unrealized additions were proposed for Central Park in that decade such as a public housing development a golf course and a revolving world s fair The 1960s marked the beginning of an Events Era in Central Park that reflected the widespread cultural and political trends of the period The Public Theater s annual Shakespeare in the Park festival was settled in the Delacorte Theater and summer performances were instituted on the Sheep Meadow and the Great Lawn by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and the Metropolitan Opera During the late 1960s the park became the venue for rallies and cultural events such as the love ins and be ins of the period The same year Lasker Rink opened in the northern part of the park the facility served as an ice rink in winter and Central Park s only swimming pool in summer By the mid 1970s managerial neglect resulted in a decline in park conditions A 1973 report noted that the park suffered from severe erosion and tree decay and that individual structures were being vandalized or neglected The Central Park Community Fund was subsequently created based on the recommendation of a report from a Columbia University professor The Fund then commissioned a study of the park s management and suggested the appointment of both a NYC Parks administrator and a board of citizens In 1979 Parks Commissioner Gordon Davis established the Office of Central Park Administrator and appointed Elizabeth Barlow the executive director of the Central Park Task Force to the position The Central Park Conservancy a nonprofit organization with a citizen board was founded the following year 1970s to 2000s restoration The Great Lawn before renovations in the late 1970sThe Great Lawn after renovations in the 1980s Under the leadership of the Central Park Conservancy the park s reclamation began by addressing needs that could not be met within NYC Parks existing resources The Conservancy hired interns and a small restoration staff to reconstruct and repair unique rustic features undertaking horticultural projects and removing graffiti under the broken windows theory which advocated removing visible signs of decay The first structure to be renovated was the Dairy which reopened as the park s first visitor center in 1979 The Sheep Meadow which reopened the following year was the first landscape to be restored Bethesda Terrace and Fountain the USS Maine National Monument and the Bow Bridge were also rehabilitated By then the Conservancy was engaged in design efforts and long term restoration planning and in 1981 Davis and Barlow announced a 10 year 100 million Central Park Management and Restoration Plan The long closed Belvedere Castle was renovated and reopened in 1983 while the Central Park Zoo closed for a full reconstruction that year To reduce the maintenance effort large gatherings such as free concerts were canceled On completion of the planning stage in 1985 the Conservancy launched its first campaign and mapped out a 15 year restoration plan Over the next several years the campaign restored landmarks in the southern part of the park such as Grand Army Plaza and the police station at the 86th Street transverse while Conservatory Garden in the northeastern corner of the park was restored to a design by Lynden B Miller Real estate developer Donald Trump renovated the Wollman Rink in 1987 after plans to renovate it were delayed repeatedly The following year the Zoo reopened after a 35 million four year renovation Work on the northern end of the park began in 1989 A 51 million campaign announced in 1993 resulted in the restoration of bridle trails the Mall the Harlem Meer and the North Woods and the construction of the Dana Discovery Center on the Harlem Meer This was followed by the Conservancy s overhaul of the 55 acres 22 ha near the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond which was completed in 1997 The Upper Reservoir was decommissioned as a part of the city s water supply system in 1993 and was renamed after former U S first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis the next year During the mid 1990s the Conservancy hired additional volunteers and implemented a zone based system of management throughout the park The Conservancy assumed much of the park s operations in early 1998 Renovations continued through the first decade of the 21st century and a project to restore the pond was commenced in 2000 Four years later the Conservancy replaced a chain link fence with a replica of the original cast iron fence that surrounded the Upper Reservoir It started refurbishing the ceiling tiles of the Bethesda Arcade which was completed in 2007 Soon after the Central Park Conservancy began restoring the Ramble and Lake in a project that was completed in 2012 Bank Rock Bridge was restored and the Gill which empties into the lake was reconstructed to approximate its dramatic original form The final feature to be restored was the East Meadow which was rehabilitated in 2011 2010s to present In 2014 the New York City Council proposed a study on the viability of banning vehicular traffic from the park s drives The next year mayor Bill de Blasio announced that West and East drives north of 72nd Street would be closed to vehicular traffic because the city s data showed that closing the roads did not adversely impact traffic flows Subsequently in June 2018 the remaining drives south of 72nd Street were closed to vehicular traffic Several structures were renovated Belvedere Castle was closed in 2018 for an extensive renovation reopening in June 2019 Later in 2018 it was announced that the Delacorte Theater would be closed from 2020 to 2022 for a 110 million rebuild The Central Park Conservancy further announced that Lasker Rink would be closed for a 150 million renovation between 2021 and 2024 In March 2020 in response to the coronavirus pandemic temporary field hospitals were set up within the park to treat overflow patients from area hospitals By mid 2023 the New York City government was considering erecting tents in Central Park to temporarily house asylum seekers This move came after the federal government repealed an order authorizing Title 42 expulsions of migrants which had been implemented during the COVID 19 pandemic A renovation of the Chess and Checkers House was completed in June 2023 In addition pickleball courts were added to Wollman Rink in 2023 and became permanent the next year The Central Park Conservancy allocated 64 million in early 2024 to fix sidewalks on 108 blocks immediately surrounding the park Landscape featuresGeology East side of Rat Rock There are four different types of bedrock in Manhattan In Central Park Manhattan schist and Hartland schist which are both metamorphosed sedimentary rock are exposed in various outcroppings The other two types Fordham gneiss an older deeper layer and Inwood marble metamorphosed limestone which overlays the gneiss do not surface in the park Fordham gneiss which consists of metamorphosed igneous rocks was formed a billion years ago during the Grenville orogeny that occurred during the creation of an ancient super continent Manhattan schist and Hartland schist were formed in the Iapetus Ocean during the Taconic orogeny in the Paleozoic era about 450 million years ago when the tectonic plates began to merge to form the supercontinent Pangaea Cameron s Line a fault zone that traverses Central Park on an east west axis divides the outcroppings of Hartland schist to the south and Manhattan schist to the north Various glaciers have covered the area of Central Park in the past with the most recent being the Wisconsin glacier which receded about 12 000 years ago Evidence of past glaciers can be seen throughout the park in the form of glacial erratics large boulders dropped by the receding glacier and north south glacial striations visible on stone outcroppings Alignments of glacial erratics called boulder trains are present throughout Central Park The most notable of these outcroppings is Rat Rock also known as Umpire Rock a circular outcropping at the southwestern corner of the park It measures 55 feet 17 m wide and 15 feet 4 6 m tall with different east west and north faces Boulderers sometimes congregate there A single glacial pothole with yellow clay is near the southwest corner of the park The underground geology of Central Park was altered by the construction of several subway lines underneath it and by the New York City Water Tunnel No 3 approximately 700 feet 210 m underground Excavations for the project have uncovered pegmatite feldspar quartz biotite and several metals Wooded areas and lawns Wooded area of The Ramble and Lake There are three wooded areas in Central Park North Woods the Ramble and Hallett Nature Sanctuary North Woods the largest of the woodlands is at the northwestern corner of Central Park It covers about 90 acres 36 ha adjacent to North Meadow The name sometimes applies to other attractions in the park s northern end these adjacent features plus the area of North Woods can be 200 acres 81 ha North Woods contains the 55 acre 22 ha Ravine a forest with deciduous trees on its northwestern slope and the Loch a small stream that winds diagonally through North Woods The Ramble is in the southern third of the park next to the Lake Covering 36 to 38 acres 15 to 15 ha it contains a series of winding paths The area contains a diverse selection of vegetation and other flora which attracts a plethora of birds At least 250 species of birds have been spotted in the Ramble over the years Historically the Ramble was known as a place for private homosexual encounters due to its seclusion The Hallett Nature Sanctuary is at the southeastern corner of Central Park It is the smallest wooded area at 4 acres 1 6 ha Originally known as the Promontory it was renamed after civic activist and birder George Hervey Hallett Jr in 1986 The Hallett Sanctuary was closed to the public from 1934 to May 2016 when it was reopened allowing limited access The Central Park Conservancy classifies its remaining green space into four types of lawns labeled alphabetically based on usage and the amount of maintenance needed There are seven high priority A Lawns collectively covering 65 acres 26 ha that are heavily used Sheep Meadow Great Lawn North Meadow East Meadow Conservatory Garden Heckscher Ballfields and the Lawn Bowling and Croquet Greens near Sheep Meadow These are permanently surrounded by fences are constantly maintained and are closed during the off season Another 16 lawns covering 37 acres 15 ha are classed as B Lawns and are fenced off only during off seasons while an additional 69 acres 28 ha are C Lawns and are only occasionally fenced off The lowest prioritized type of turf D Lawns cover 162 acres 66 ha and are open year round with few barriers or access restrictions Watercourses Harlem MeerThe LochJacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir in the parkLoeb Boathouse Cafe Central Park is home to numerous bodies of water The northernmost lake Harlem Meer is near the northeastern corner of the park and covers nearly 11 acres 4 5 ha Located in a wooded area of oak cypress and beech trees it was named after Harlem one of Manhattan s first suburban communities and was built after the completion of the southern portion of the park Harlem Meer allows catch and release fishing It is fed by two interconnected water features the Pool a pond within the North Woods fed by drinking water and the Loch a small stream with three cascades that winds through the North Woods These are all adapted from a single watercourse called Montayne s Rivulet originally fed from a natural spring but later replenished by the city s water system Lasker Rink is above the mouth of the Loch where it drains into the Harlem Meer South of Harlem Meer and the Pool is Central Park s largest lake the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir known as the Central Park Reservoir before 1994 It was constructed between 1858 and 1862 Covering an area of 106 acres 43 ha between 86th and 96th streets the reservoir reaches a depth of more than 40 feet 12 m in places and contains about 1 billion U S gallons 3 8 billion liters of water The Onassis Reservoir was created as a new landscaped storage reservoir to the north of the Croton Aqueduct s rectangular receiving reservoir Because of the Onassis Reservoir s shape East Drive was built as a straight path with little clearance between the reservoir to the west and Fifth Avenue to the east It was decommissioned in 1993 and renamed after Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis the following year after her death The Turtle Pond is at the southern edge of the Great Lawn The pond was originally part of the Croton receiving reservoir The receiving reservoir was drained starting in 1930 and the dry reservoir bed was temporarily used as a homeless encampment when filling stopped during the Great Depression The Great Lawn was completed in 1937 on the site of the reservoir Until 1987 it was known as Belvedere Lake after the castle at its southwestern corner The Lake south of the 79th Street transverse covers nearly 18 acres 7 3 ha Originally it was part of the Sawkill Creek which flowed near the American Museum of Natural History The Lake was among the first features to be completed opening to skaters in December 1858 It was intended to accommodate boats in the summer and ice skaters in winter The Loeb Boathouse on the eastern shore of the Lake rents out rowboats kayaks and gondolas and houses a restaurant The Lake is spanned by Bow Bridge at its center and its northern inlet Bank Rock Bay is spanned by the Bank Rock or Oak Bridge Ladies Pond spanned by two bridges on the western end of the Lake was infilled in the 1930s Directly east of the Lake is Conservatory Water on the site of an unbuilt formal garden The shore of Conservatory Water contains the Kerbs Memorial Boathouse where patrons can rent and navigate model boats In the park s southeast corner is the Pond with an area of 3 5 acres 1 4 ha The Pond was adapted from part of the former DeVoor s Mill Stream which used to flow into the East River at the modern day neighborhood of Turtle Bay The western section of the Pond was converted into Wollman Rink in 1950 WildlifeCentral Park is biologically diverse A 2013 survey of park species by William E Macaulay Honors College found 571 total species including 173 species that were not previously known to live there Flora According to a 2011 survey Central Park had more than 20 000 trees representing a decrease from the 26 000 trees that were recorded in the park in 1993 The majority of them are native to New York City but there are several clusters of non native species With few exceptions the trees in Central Park were mostly planted or placed manually Over four million trees shrubs and plants representing approximately 1 500 species were planted or imported to the park In Central Park s earliest years two plant nurseries were maintained within the park boundaries a demolished nursery near the Arsenal and the still extant Conservatory Garden Central Park Conservancy later took over regular maintenance of the park s flora allocating gardeners to one of 49 zones for maintenance purposes Central Park contains ten great tree clusters that are specially recognized by NYC Parks These include four individual American elms and one American elm grove the 600 pine trees in the Arthur Ross Pinetum a black tupelo in the Ramble 35 Yoshino cherries on the east side of the Onassis Reservoir one of the park s oldest London plane trees at 96th Street and an Euodia at Heckscher Playground The American elms in Central Park are the largest remaining stands in the Northeastern United States protected by their isolation from the Dutch elm disease that devastated the tree throughout its native range There are several tree walks that run through Central Park Fauna Female northern cardinal one of the bird species found in Central Park Central Park contains various migratory birds during their spring and fall migration on the Atlantic Flyway The first official list of birds observed in Central Park which numbered 235 species was published in Forest and Stream in 1886 by Augustus G Paine Jr and Lewis B Woodruff Overall 303 bird species have been seen in the park since the first official list of records was published and an estimated 200 species are spotted every season No single group is responsible for tracking Central Park s bird species Some of the more famous birds include a male red tailed hawk called Pale Male who made his perch on an apartment building overlooking Central Park in 1991 A mandarin duck nicknamed Mandarin Patinkin received international media attention in late 2018 and early 2019 due to its colorful appearance and the species presence outside its native range in East Asia Another bird an Eurasian eagle owl named Flaco gained attention in 2023 when he escaped from the Central Park Zoo after his enclosure was vandalized More infamously Eugene Schieffelin released 100 imported European starlings in Central Park in 1890 1891 which led to them becoming an invasive species across North America Central Park has approximately ten species of mammals as of 2013 update Bats a nocturnal order have been found in dark crevices Because of the prevalence of raccoons the Parks Department posts rabies advisories Eastern gray squirrels eastern chipmunks and Virginia opossums inhabit the park A 2019 squirrel census found there were 2 373 Eastern Gray squirrels in Central Park There are 223 invertebrate species in Central Park Nannarrup hoffmani a centipede species discovered in Central Park in 2002 is one of the smallest centipedes in the world at about 0 4 inches 10 mm long The more prevalent Asian long horned beetle is an invasive species that has infected trees in Long Island and Manhattan including in Central Park Turtles fish and frogs live in Central Park There are five turtle species red eared sliders snapping turtles painted turtles musk turtles and box turtles Most of the turtles live in Turtle Pond and many of these are former pets that were released into the park The fish are scattered more widely but they include several freshwater species such as the snakehead an invasive species Catch and release fishing is allowed in the Lake Pond and Harlem Meer Central Park is a habitat for two amphibian species the American bullfrog and the green frog The park contained snakes in the late 19th century though Marie Winn who wrote about wildlife in Central Park said in a 2008 interview that the snakes had died off Landmarks and structuresPlazas and entrances The USS Maine National Monument at Merchants Gate in the park Central Park is surrounded by a 29 025 foot long 8 847 m 3 foot 10 inch high 117 cm stone wall It initially contained 18 unnamed gates In April 1862 the Central Park commissioners adopted a proposal to name each gate with the vocations to which this city owes its metropolitan character such as miners scholars artists or hunters The park grew to contain 20 named gates by the late 20th century four of which are accessed from plazas at each corner of the park No named gates were added between 1862 and 2022 when the Gate of the Exonerated at Lenox Avenue and Central Park North was dedicated in honor of the Central Park Five Columbus Circle is a circular plaza at the southwestern corner at the junction of Central Park West Eighth Avenue Broadway and 59th Street Central Park South Built in the 1860s it contains the Merchant s Gate entrance to the park and its largest feature is the 1892 Columbus Monument and was the subject of controversies in the 2010s The 1913 USS Maine National Monument is just outside the park entrance The square Grand Army Plaza is on the southeastern corner at the junction with Fifth Avenue and 59th Street Its largest feature is the Pulitzer Fountain which was completed in 1916 along with the plaza itself The plaza contains the William Tecumseh Sherman statue dedicated in 1903 Duke Ellington Circle at the northeastern corner forms the junction between Fifth Avenue and Central Park North 110th Street It contains the Duke Ellington Memorial dedicated in 1997 Duke Ellington Circle is adjacent to the Pioneers Gate Frederick Douglass Circle is on the northwestern corner at the junction with Central Park West Eighth Avenue and Central Park North 110th Street It was named for Douglass in 1950 The center of the circle contains a memorial to Frederick Douglass dedicated in 2011 Structures Metropolitan Museum of Art s Fifth Avenue buildingBethesda Terrace and FountainGapstow Bridge in fall The Dana Discovery Center was built in 1993 at the northeast section of the park on the north shore of the Harlem Meer Blockhouse No 1 the oldest extant structure within Central Park and built before the park s creation sits in the northwest section of the park It was erected as part of Fort Clinton during the War of 1812 The Blockhouse is near McGowan s Pass rocky outcroppings that also once contained Fort Fish and Nutter s Battery The Lasker Rink a skating rink and swimming pool facility formerly occupied the southwest corner of the Harlem Meer The Conservatory Garden the park s only formal garden is entered through the Vanderbilt Gate at Fifth Avenue and 105th Street The Tarr Family Playground North Meadow Recreation Center tennis courts and East Meadow sit between the Loch to the north and the reservoir to the south The North Woods takes up the rest of the northern third of the park The areas in the northern section of the park were developed later than the southern section and are not as heavily used so there are several unnamed features The park s northern portion was intended as the natural section in contrast to the landscaped pastoral section to the south The area between the 86th and 96th Street transverses is mostly occupied by the Onassis Reservoir Directly south of the Reservoir is the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond The Lawn is bordered by the Metropolitan Museum of Art s Fifth Avenue building to the east Turtle Pond to the south and Summit Rock to the west Summit Rock the highest point in Central Park at 137 5 feet 41 9 m abuts Diana Ross Playground to the south and the Seneca Village site occupied by the Toll Family playground to the north Turtle Pond s western shore contains Belvedere Castle Delacorte Theater the Shakespeare Garden and Marionette Theatre The section between the 79th Street transverse and Terrace Drive at 72nd Street contains three main natural features the forested Ramble the L shaped Lake and Conservatory Water Cherry Hill is to the south of the Lake while Cedar Hill is to the east The southernmost part of Central Park below Terrace Drive contains several children s attractions and other flagship features It contains many of the structures built in Central Park s initial stage of construction designed in the Victorian Gothic style Directly facing the southeastern shore of the Lake is a bi level hall called Bethesda Terrace which contains an elaborate fountain on its lower level Bethesda Terrace connects to Central Park Mall a landscaped walkway and the only formal feature in the Greensward Plan Near the southwestern shore of the Lake is Strawberry Fields a memorial to John Lennon who was murdered nearby Sheep Meadow a lawn originally intended for use as a parade ground and Tavern on the Green a restaurant The southern border of Central Park contains the Children s District an area that includes Heckscher Playground the Central Park Carousel the Ballplayers House and the Chess and Checkers House Wollman Rink Victorian Gardens the Central Park Zoo and Children s Zoo the Arsenal and the Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary are nearby The Arsenal a red brick building designed by Martin E Thompson in 1851 has been NYC Parks headquarters since 1934 There are 21 children s playgrounds in Central Park The largest at three acres 12 000 m2 is Heckscher Playground Central Park includes 36 ornamental bridges each of a different design The bridges are generally designed in the Gothic Revival or Romanesque Revival styles and are made of wood stone or cast iron Rustic shelters and other structures were originally spread out through the park Most have been demolished over the years and several have been restored The park contains around 9 500 benches in three styles of which nearly half have small engraved tablets of some kind installed as part of Central Park s Adopt a Bench program These engravings typically contain short personalized messages and can be installed for at least 10 000 apiece Handmade rustic benches can cost more than half a million dollars and are only granted when the honoree underwrites a major park project Delacorte Theater Great Lawn and Turtle Pond from Belvedere Castle Art and monuments Sculptures Angel of the Waters 1873 in Bethesda Fountain Twenty nine sculptures have been erected within Central Park s boundaries Most of the sculptures were not part of the Greensward Plan but were nevertheless included to placate wealthy donors when appreciation of art increased in the late 19th century Though Vaux and Mould proposed 26 statues in the Terrace in 1862 these were eliminated because they were too expensive More sculptures were added through the late 19th century and by 1890s there were 24 in the park Several busts of authors and poets are on Literary Walk adjacent to the Central Park Mall Another cluster of sculptures around the Zoo and Conservancy Water are statues of characters from children s stories A third sculpture grouping primarily depicts subjects in nature such as animals and hunters Several sculptures stand out because of their geography and topography Alice in Wonderland Margaret Delacorte Memorial 1959 a sculpture of Alice is at Conservatory Water Angel of the Waters 1873 by Emma Stebbins is the centerpiece of Bethesda Fountain it was the first large public sculpture commission for an American woman and the only statue included in the original park design Balto 1925 a statue of Balto the sled dog who became famous during the 1925 serum run to Nome is near East Drive and East 66th Street King Jagiello Monument 1939 a bronze monument installed in 1945 is at the east end of Turtle Pond Women s Rights Pioneers Monument 2020 a monument of Sojourner Truth Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the city s first statue to depict a female historical figure Structures and exhibitions Cleopatra s Needle the park s oldest human made structure Cleopatra s Needle a red granite obelisk west of the Metropolitan Museum of Art is the oldest human made structure in Central Park The needle in Central Park is one of three Cleopatra s Needles that were originally erected at the Temple of Ra in Heliopolis in Ancient Egypt around 1450 BC by the Pharaoh Thutmose III The hieroglyphs were inscribed about 200 years later by Pharaoh Rameses II to glorify his military victories The needles are so named because they were later moved to in front of the Caesarium in Alexandria a temple originally built by Cleopatra VII of Egypt in honor of Mark Antony The needle in Central Park arrived in late 1880 and was dedicated early the following year The Strawberry Fields memorial near Central Park West and 72nd Street is a memorial commemorating John Lennon who was murdered outside the nearby Dakota apartment building The city dedicated Strawberry Fields in Lennon s honor in April 1981 and the memorial was completely rebuilt and rededicated on what would have been Lennon s 45th birthday October 9 1985 Countries from all around the world contributed trees and Italy donated the Imagine mosaic in the center of the memorial It has since become the site of impromptu memorial gatherings for other notables For 16 days in 2005 Central Park was the setting for Christo and Jeanne Claude s installation The Gates an exhibition that had been planned since 1979 Although the project was the subject of mixed reactions it was a major attraction for the park while it was open drawing over a million people Restaurants Central Park contains two indoor restaurants Tavern on the Green at Central Park West and West 67th Street was built in 1870 as a sheepfold and was converted into a restaurant in 1934 The Tavern on the Green was expanded between 1974 and 1976 it was closed in 2009 and reopened five years later after a renovation The Loeb Boathouse restaurant is at the Loeb Boathouse on the Lake near Fifth Avenue between 74th and 75th streets Though the boathouse was constructed in 1954 its restaurant opened in 1983 ActivitiesTours Horse drawn carriage by the park In the late 19th century West and East Drives was a popular place for carriage rides though only five percent of the city was able to afford a carriage One of the main attractions in the park s early years was the introduction of the Carriage Parade a daily display of horse drawn carriages that traversed the park The introduction of the automobile caused the carriage industry to die out by World War I though the carriage horse tradition was revived in 1935 The carriages have become a symbolic institution of the city for instance in a much publicized event after the September 11 attacks Mayor Rudy Giuliani went to the stables to ask the drivers to go back to work to help return a sense of normality Some activists celebrities and politicians have questioned the ethics of the carriage horse industry and called for its end The history of accidents involving spooked horses came under scrutiny in the 2000s and 2010s after reports of horses collapsing and even dying Supporters of the trade say it needs to be reformed rather than shut down Some replacements have been proposed including electric vintage cars Bill de Blasio in his successful 2013 mayoral campaign pledged to eliminate horse carriage tours if he was elected as of August 2018 update had only succeeded in relocating the carriage pick up areas Pedicabs operate mostly in the southern part of the park as horse carriages do The pedicabs have been criticized there have been reports of pedicab drivers charging exorbitant fares of several hundred dollars Recreation The park s drives which are 6 1 miles 9 8 km long are used heavily by runners joggers pedestrians bicyclists and inline skaters The park drives contain protected bike lanes and are used as the home course for the racing series of the Century Road Club Association a USA Cycling sanctioned amateur cycling club In 2021 e scooters were legalized in New York including in Central Park The park is used for professional running and the New York Road Runners designated a 5 mile 8 0 km running loop within Central Park The New York City Marathon course utilizes several miles of drives within Central Park and finishes outside Tavern on the Green from 1970 through 1975 the race was held entirely in Central Park There are 26 baseball fields in Central Park eight on the Great Lawn six at Heckscher Ballfields near Columbus Circle and twelve in the North Meadow 12 tennis courts six non regulation soccer fields which overlap with the North Meadow ball fields four basketball courts and a recreation center are in the North Meadow An additional soccer field and four basketball courts are at Great Lawn Four volleyball courts are in the southern part of the park Central Park has two ice skating rinks Wollman Rink in its southern portion and Lasker Rink in its northern portion During summer the former is the site of Victorian Gardens seasonal amusement park and the latter converts to an outdoor swimming pool Central Park s glaciated rock outcroppings attract climbers especially boulderers but the quality of the stone is poor and the climbs present so little challenge that it has been called one of America s most pathetic boulders The two most renowned spots for boulderers are Rat Rock and Cat Rock Other rocks frequented by climbers mostly at the south end of the park include Dog Rock Duck Rock Rock N Roll Rock and Beaver Rock Concerts and performances Summerstage in Central Park features free musical concerts throughout the summer Central Park has been the site of concerts almost since its inception Originally they were hosted in the Ramble but these were moved to the Concert Ground next to the Mall in the 1870s The weekend concerts hosted in the Mall drew tens of thousands of visitors from all social classes Since 1923 concerts have been held in Naumburg Bandshell a bandshell of Indiana limestone on the Mall Named for banker Elkan Naumburg who funded its construction the bandshell has deteriorated over the years but has never been fully restored The oldest free classical music concert series in the United States the Naumburg Orchestral Concerts founded in 1905 is hosted in the bandshell Other large concerts include The Concert in Central Park a benefit performance by Simon amp Garfunkel in 1981 and Garth Live from Central Park a free concert by Garth Brooks in 1997 Several arts groups are dedicated to performing in Central Park These include Central Park Brass which performs concert series and the New York Classical Theatre which produces an annual series of plays There are several regular summer events The Public Theater presents free open air theater productions such as Shakespeare in the Park in the Delacorte Theater The City Parks Foundation offers Central Park Summerstage a series of free performances including music dance spoken word and film presentations often featuring famous performers Additionally the New York Philharmonic gives an open air concert on the Great Lawn yearly during the summer and from 1967 until 2007 the Metropolitan Opera presented two operas in concert each year Every August since 2003 the Central Park Conservancy has hosted the Central Park Film Festival a series of free film screenings TransportationCentral Park incorporates a system of pedestrian walkways scenic drives bridle paths and transverse roads to aid traffic circulation and it is easily accessible via several subway stations and bus routes Public transport Entrance to the Fifth Avenue 59th Street subway station just outside Central Park The New York City Subway s IND Eighth Avenue Line A B C and D trains runs along the western edge of the park Most of the Eighth Avenue Line stations on Central Park West serve only the local B and C trains while the 59th Street Columbus Circle station is additionally served by the express A and D trains and the IRT Broadway Seventh Avenue Line 1 train The IRT Lenox Avenue Line 2 and 3 trains has a station at Central Park North From there the line curves southwest under the park and heads west under 104th Street On the southeastern corner of the park the BMT Broadway Line N R and W trains has a station at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street The 63rd Street lines F and lt F gt and Q trains pass underneath without stopping and the line contains a single ventilation shaft within the park west of Fifth Avenue and 63rd Street Various bus routes pass through Central Park or stop along its boundaries The M10 bus stops along Central Park West while the M5 and part of the M7 runs along Central Park South and the M2 M3 and M4 run along Central Park North The M1 M2 M3 and M4 run southbound along Fifth Avenue with corresponding northbound bus service on Madison Avenue The M66 M72 M79 SBS Select Bus Service M86 SBS M96 and M106 buses use the transverse roads across Central Park The M12 M20 and M104 only serve Columbus Circle on the south end of the park and the M31 and M57 run on 57th Street two blocks from the park s south end but do not stop on the boundaries of the park Some of the buses running on the edge of Central Park replaced former streetcar routes that formerly traveled across Manhattan These streetcar routes included the Sixth Avenue line which became the M5 bus and the Eighth Avenue line which became the M10 Only one streetcar line traversed Central Park the 86th Street Crosstown Line the predecessor to the M86 bus Transverse roads 66th Street transverse Central Park contains four transverse roadways that carry crosstown traffic across the park From south to north they are at 66th Street 79th Street 86th Street and 97th Street the transverse roads were originally numbered sequentially in that order The 66th Street transverse connects the discontinuous sections of 65th and 66th streets on either side of the park The 97th Street transverse likewise joins the disconnected segments of 96th and 97th streets The 79th Street transverse links West 81st and East 79th streets while the 86th Street transverse links West 86th Street with East 84th and 85th streets Each roadway carries two lanes one in each direction and is sunken below the level of the rest of the park to minimize the transverses visual impact on it The transverse roadways are open even when the park is closed The 66th Street transverse was the first to be finished having opened in December 1859 The 79th Street transverse which passed under Vista Rock Central Park s second highest point was completed by a railroad contractor because of their experience in drilling through hard rock it opened in December 1860 The 86th and 97th Street transverses opened in late 1862 By the 1890s maintenance had decreased to the point where the 86th Street transverse handled most crosstown traffic because the other transverse roads had been so poorly maintained Both ends of the 79th Street transverse were widened in 1964 to accommodate increased traffic Generally the transverses were not maintained as frequently as the rest of the park though being used more frequently than the park proper Scenic drives Center Drive in Central Park The park has three scenic drives that travel through it vertically They have multiple traffic lights at the intersections with pedestrian paths although there are some arches and bridges where pedestrian and drive traffic can cross without intersection To discourage park patrons from speeding the designers incorporated extensive curves in the park drives West Drive is the westernmost of the park s three vertical drives The road which carries southbound bicycle and horse carriage traffic winds through the western part of Central Park connecting Lenox Avenue Central Park North with Seventh Avenue Central Park South and Central Drive Center Drive also known as the Central Park Lower Loop connects northbound bicycle and carriage traffic from Midtown at Central Park South Sixth Avenue to East Drive near the 66th Street transverse The street generally goes east and then north forming the bottom part of the Central Park loop The attractions along Center Drive include Victorian Gardens the Central Park Carousel and the Central Park Mall East Drive the easternmost of the three drives connects northbound bicycle and carriage traffic from Midtown to the Upper West Side at Lenox Avenue The street is renowned for its country scenery and free concerts It generally straddles the east side of the park along Fifth Avenue The drive passes by the Central Park Zoo around 63rd Street and the Metropolitan Museum of Art from 80th to 84th Streets Unlike the rest of the drive system which is generally serpentine East Drive is straight between the 86th and 96th Street transverses because it is between Fifth Avenue and the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir East Drive is known as the Elite Carriage Parade because it was where the carriage procession occurred at the time of the park s opening and because only five percent of the city was able to afford the carriage In the late 19th century West and East Drives were popular places for carriage rides Two other scenic drives cross the park horizontally Terrace Drive is at 72nd Street and connects West and East Drives passing over Bethesda Terrace and Fountain The 102nd Street Crossing further north near the street of the same name is a former carriage drive connecting West and East Drives Modifications and closures In Central Park s earliest years the speed limits were set at 5 miles per hour 8 0 km h for carriages and 6 mph 9 7 km h for horses which were later raised to 7 and 10 mph 11 and 16 km h respectively Commercial vehicles and buses were banned from the park Automobiles became more common in Central Park during the 1900s and 1910s and they often broke the speed limits resulting in crashes To increase safety the gravel roads were paved in 1912 and the carriage speed limit was raised to 15 mph 24 km h two years later With the proliferation of cars among the middle class in the 1920s traffic increased on the drives to as many as eight thousand cars per hour in 1929 The roads were still dangerous in the first ten months of 1929 eight people were killed and 249 were injured in 338 separate collisions In November 1929 the scenic drives were converted from two way traffic to unidirectional traffic Further improvements were made in 1932 when forty two traffic lights were installed along the scenic drives and the speed limit was lowered to 25 miles per hour 40 km h The signals were coordinated so that drivers could go through all of the green lights if they maintained a steady speed of 25 miles per hour 40 km h The drives were experimentally closed to automotive traffic on weekends beginning in 1967 for exclusive use by pedestrians and bicyclists In subsequent years the scenic drives were closed to automotive traffic for most of the day during the summer By 1979 the drives were only open during rush hours and late evenings during the summer Legislation was proposed in October 2014 to conduct a study to make the park car free in summer 2015 In 2015 Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the permanent closure of West and East Drives north of 72nd Street to vehicular traffic as it was proven that closing the roads did not adversely impact traffic After most of the Central Park loop drives were closed to vehicular traffic the city performed a follow up study The city found that West Drive was open for two hours during the morning rush period and was used by an average of 1 050 vehicles a day while East Drive was open 12 hours a day and was used by an average of 3 400 vehicles daily Subsequently all cars were banned from East Drive in January 2018 In April 2018 de Blasio announced that the entirety of the three loop drives would be closed permanently to traffic The closure was put into effect in June 2018 During the early 21st century there were numerous collisions in Central Park involving cyclists The 2014 death of Jill Tarlov after she was hit by a cyclist on West 63rd Street called attention to the issue In 2011 residents of nearby communities unsuccessfully petitioned the NYPD to increase enforcement of cycling rules within the park IssuesNorth Woods one of several places where crimes were reported during the 1989 Central Park jogger caseCrime and neglect In the mid 20th century Central Park had a reputation for being very dangerous especially after dark Such a viewpoint was reinforced following a 1941 incident when 12 year old Jerome Dore fatally stabbed 15 year old James O Connell in the northern section of the park Local tabloids cited this incident and several other crimes as evidence of a highly exaggerated crime wave Though recorded crime had indeed increased since Central Park opened in the late 1850s this was in line with crime trends seen in the rest of the city Central Park s reputation for crime was reinforced by its worldwide name recognition and the fact that crimes in the park were covered disproportionately compared to crimes in the rest of the city For instance in 1973 The New York Times wrote stories about 20 of murders that occurred citywide but wrote about three of the four murders that took place in Central Park that year By the 1970s and 1980s the number of murders in the police precincts north of Central Park was 18 times higher than the number of murders within the park itself and even in the precincts south of the park the number of murders was three times as high The park was the site of numerous high profile crimes during the late 20th century Of these two particularly notable cases shaped public perception against the park In 1986 Robert Chambers murdered Jennifer Levin in what was later called the preppy murder Three years later an investment banker was raped and brutally beaten in what came to be known as the Central Park jogger case Conversely other crimes such as the 1984 gang rape of two homeless women were barely reported After World War II it was feared that gay men perpetrated sex crimes and attracted violence Other problems in the 1970s and 1980s included a drug epidemic a large homeless presence vandalism and neglect As crime has declined in New York City many of these negative perceptions have waned Safety measures keep the number of crimes in the park to fewer than 100 per year as of 2019 update down from approximately 1 000 in the early 1980s Some well publicized crimes have occurred since then for instance on June 11 2000 following the Puerto Rican Day Parade gangs of drunken men sexually assaulted women in the park Other issues Permission to hold issue centered rallies in Central Park similar to the be ins of the 1960s has been met with increasingly stiff resistance from the city During some 2004 protests the organization United for Peace and Justice wanted to hold a rally on the Great Lawn during the Republican National Convention The city denied an application for a permit stating that such a mass gathering would be harmful to the grass and the damage would make it harder to collect private donations to maintain the park A judge of the New York Supreme Court s New York County branch upheld the refusal During the 2000s and 2010s new supertall skyscrapers were constructed along the southern end of Central Park in a corridor commonly known as Billionaires Row According to a Municipal Art Society report such buildings cast long shadows over the southern end of the park A 2016 analysis by The New York Times found that some of the tallest and skinniest skyscrapers such as One57 Central Park Tower and 220 Central Park South would cast shadows that can be as much as 1 mile 1 6 km long during the winter covering up to a third of the park s length In 2018 the New York City Council proposed legislation that would restrict the construction of skyscrapers near city parks ImpactCultural significance Sheep Meadow a common place for gatherings Central Park s size and cultural position has served as a model for many urban parks Olmsted believed landscape design was a way to improve the feeling of community and had intended the park as the antithesis of the stresses of the city s daily life The Greensward Plan radical at the time of its construction led to widespread changes in park designs and urban planning in particular parks were designed to incorporate landscapes whose elements were related to each other As a New York City icon Central Park is one of the most filmed locations in the world A December 2017 report found that 231 movies had used it for on location shoots more than the 160 movies that had filmed in Greenwich Village or the 99 movies that had filmed in Times Square Some of the movies filmed at Central Park such as the 1993 film The Age of Innocence reflect ideals of the past Other films including The Fisher King 1991 Marathon Man 1976 The Out of Towners 1970 and Home Alone 2 Lost in New York 1992 use the park for dramatic conflict scenes Central Park has been used in romance films such as Maid in Manhattan 2002 13 Going on 30 2004 or Hitch 2005 and fantasy live action animated films such as Enchanted 2007 In 2009 an estimated 4 000 days of film shoots were hosted or an average of more than ten film shoots per day accounting for 135 5 million in city revenue Because of its cultural and historical significance Central Park has been a National Historic Landmark since 1962 and a New York City scenic landmark since 1974 It was placed on UNESCO s list of tentative World Heritage Sites in 2017 Real estate and economy Skyscrapers at the southern border of Central Park The value of the surrounding land started rising significantly in the mid 1860s during the park s construction The completion of Central Park immediately increased the surrounding area s real estate prices in some cases by up to 700 percent between 1858 and 1870 It also resulted in the creation of the zoning plan in Upper Manhattan Upscale districts grew on both sides of Central Park following its completion On the Upper East Side a portion of Fifth Avenue abutting lower Central Park became known as Millionaires Row by the 1890s due to the concentration of wealthy families in the area The Upper West Side took longer to develop but row houses and luxury apartment buildings came to predominate the neighborhood and some were later included in the Central Park West Historic District Though most of the city s rich formerly lived in mansions they moved into apartments close to Central Park during the late 19th and early 20th centuries During the late 20th century until Central Park s restoration in the 1990s proximity to the park did not have a significant positive effect on real estate values Following Central Park s restoration some of the city s most expensive properties have been sold or rented near the park The value of the land in Central Park was estimated to be about 528 8 billion in December 2005 though this was based on the park s impact on the average value of nearby land In the modern day it is estimated that Central Park has resulted in billions of dollars in economic impact A 2009 study found that the city received annual tax revenue of more than 656 million visitors spent more than 395 million due to the park in park businesses such as concessions generated 135 5 million and the 4 000 hours of annual film shoots and other photography generated 135 6 million of economic output In 2013 about 550 000 people lived within a ten minute walk about 0 5 miles or 0 80 kilometers of the park s boundaries and 1 15 million more people could get to the park within a half hour subway ride ReferencesNotes Officially the precinct is known as the 22nd Precinct However it is publicly referred to as the Central Park Precinct making it one of the few unnumbered NYPD precincts in New York City Citations Cultural Resource Information System CRIS New York State Office of Parks Recreation and Historic Preservation November 7 2014 Retrieved July 20 2023 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974 p 1 PDF p 2 National Register Information System National Register of Historic Places National Park Service January 23 2007 PDF Central Park Conservancy 2014 Archived from the original PDF on November 23 2018 Retrieved April 1 2019 PDF Central Park Conservancy 2014 Archived from the original PDF on October 5 2019 Retrieved April 1 2019 Central Park Conservancy Official Central Park Tours NYC The Official Guide from the original on April 23 2019 Retrieved April 23 2019 Central Park Conservancy Archived from the original on April 3 2019 Retrieved April 23 2019 Waxman Sarah History of Central Park New York ny com Retrieved October 28 2023 Kinkead 1990 pp 57 58 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 p 150 Kinkead 1990 p 35 Central Park Playgrounds New York City Department of Parks and Recreation from the original on March 21 2019 Retrieved April 13 2019 Running Central Park Conservancy from the original on April 13 2019 Retrieved April 13 2019 Foderaro Lisa W May 31 2013 Surveying Effort Alters Sizes of Some New York Parks The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on June 12 2018 Retrieved June 7 2018 Central Park Conservancy Archived from the original on March 26 2014 Retrieved March 25 2014 Frequently Asked Questions New York City Department of Parks and Recreation from the original on February 20 2017 Retrieved February 1 2017 Census Tract 143 New York NY U S Census Bureau from the original on January 19 2018 Retrieved July 11 2006 Feuer Alan March 25 2011 Census Apparently Did Check Behind Every Tree The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on November 23 2018 Retrieved April 11 2019 PDF The Trust for Public Land June 2006 Archived from the original PDF on July 25 2006 Retrieved July 11 2006 The World s Most visited Tourist Attractions Travel Leisure November 10 2017 from the original on May 16 2019 Retrieved May 18 2019 Van Buren Alex January 27 2016 12 Secrets of New York s Central Park Smithsonian from the original on May 20 2019 Retrieved May 18 2019 Central Park Conservancy 2011 p 9 Measuring Central Park perks Crain s New York Business May 29 2009 from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved August 6 2020 Central Park Conservancy 2011 p 12 Glueck Grace December 14 1980 Mayor Koch Sets Up Conservancy for Central Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Central Park gets its own fund raisers New York Daily News December 18 1980 p 181 Retrieved March 30 2019 via newspapers com Martin Douglas February 12 1998 Private Group Signs Central Park Deal To Be Its Manager The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 The Central Park Effect Assessing the Value of Central Park s Contribution to New York City s Economy PDF Central Park Conservancy November 2015 pp 45 46 PDF from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved April 16 2019 Gorce Tammy La March 17 2017 New York Has 77 Police Precincts Why Do Their Numbers Go Higher The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on September 4 2019 Retrieved September 4 2019 NYPD Central Park Precinct New York City Police Department from the original on June 5 2017 Retrieved October 3 2016 22nd Precinct CompStat Report PDF New York City Police Department PDF from the original on April 13 2018 Retrieved July 22 2018 Croft Geoffrey September 2 2009 City must PEP up and hire more park patrol officers New York Daily News from the original on April 16 2019 Retrieved April 16 2019 Santora Marc August 20 2005 Cruising the Park Finding Trouble The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 16 2019 Retrieved April 16 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 23 25 Heckscher 2008 p 9 Todd 1982 p 73 Unearthing the City Grid That Would Have Been in Central Park The New Yorker January 8 2016 from the original on July 6 2019 Retrieved March 28 2019 Reynolds 1994 pp 320 321 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 18 19 Heckscher 2008 pp 11 12 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 15 29 30 New York State Assembly 1911 Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York Vol 29 pp 451 453 from the original on April 5 2019 Taylor 2009 p 258 Berman 2003 p 17 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 p 45 Taylor 2009 p 259 Heckscher 2008 pp 12 14 Kinkead 1990 p 16 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 51 53 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 81 83 Heckscher 2008 p 17 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 55 56 Taylor 2009 pp 261 262 Williams Keith February 7 2018 Uncovering the Ruins of an Early Black Settlement in New York The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on March 31 2019 Retrieved March 31 2019 Blakinger Keri May 17 2016 A look at Seneca Village the early black settlement obliterated by the creation of Central Park New York Daily News from the original on May 18 2016 Retrieved March 31 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 73 74 Rines George Edwin Beach Frederick Converse eds 1903 Central City Central Park The Encyclopedia Americana Vol 4 The Americana Company Martin Douglas January 31 1997 A Village Dies A Park Is Born The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 26 2017 Retrieved April 11 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 89 90 The Central Park The Assessment 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1896 1925 to the Legislature of the State of New York American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society 1911 p 474 The Central Park Report of the Commissioners of the Central Park in Reply to the Inquiries of the State Senate The New York Times March 13 1860 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 4 2019 Retrieved April 4 2019 Heckscher 2008 p 18 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 102 103 Heckscher 2008 p 20 Kinkead 1990 pp 24 25 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 111 112 Heckscher 2008 p 21 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1858 PDF pp 29 30 The Central Park Plans The New York Times April 30 1858 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 1 2019 Retrieved April 1 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 117 120 Heckscher 2008 pp 23 24 The Central Park Exhibition of the Unsuccessful Plans for the Central Park The New York Times May 13 1858 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 1 2019 Retrieved April 1 2019 Reynolds 1994 p 321 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 130 135 Scobey 2002 p 20 Taylor 2009 p 266 Olmsted 1852 p 83 Metropolitan Borough of Wirral Archived from the original on June 26 2008 Retrieved March 26 2008 Brocklebank 2003 pp 32 33 Foderaro Lisa W October 30 2019 The Parks That Made the Man Who Made Central Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 29 2020 Taylor 2009 pp 267 268 Kinkead 1990 p 51 Dolkart Andrew S Archived from the original on December 5 2008 Retrieved October 20 2014 Kinkead 1990 p 52 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 170 172 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 159 160 William H Grant C E The New York Times October 12 1896 p 5 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved March 30 2019 via newspapers com Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 163 165 Heckscher 2008 pp 40 41 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 166 167 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1865 pp 20 21 PDF pp 19 20 Taylor 2009 pp 288 289 Berman 2003 p 41 Ordinances of the Central Park New York Herald June 5 1870 p 12 Retrieved March 30 2019 via newspapers com Homberger 1994 pp 88 89 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 161 162 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1858 PDF pp 31 35 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 173 175 Taylor 2009 pp 282 283 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 176 177 New York City Dr Charles Mackay on English Songs and Song Writers The New York Times December 11 1857 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 7 2019 Retrieved April 7 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 178 179 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 151 152 Heckscher 2008 pp 47 48 Kinkead 1990 p 31 The Central Park Progress of the Work Its Present Condition and the Prospects of its being Opened to the Public The New York Times November 11 1858 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 2 2019 Kinkead 1990 pp 32 33 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1859 p 10 PDF p 11 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1859 p 23 PDF p 25 Central Park Matters Plan of Work for the Year The New York Times May 1 1860 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 4 2019 Retrieved April 4 2019 The Central Park Investigation Examination of Mr Olmsted The New York Times June 28 1860 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 9 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 184 186 The Central Park Investigation Expenses and General Management The New York Times November 23 1860 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 9 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 188 189 Heckscher 2008 pp 37 38 Kinkead 1990 pp 64 65 Andrew H Green and Central Park The New York Times October 10 1897 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 2 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 190 192 Kinkead 1990 p 69 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 193 195 Kinkead 1990 p 46 Heckscher 2008 pp 58 59 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1861 p 16 PDF p 19 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 1864 pp 7 8 Kadinsky 2016 p 42 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 p 222 Morris 1996 p 95 Kinkead 1990 p 47 Kinkead 1990 p 71 Kinkead 1990 p 74 Kinkead 1990 p 77 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 p 263 Kinkead 1990 pp 78 79 Central Park Improvement The New York Times August 25 1872 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 9 2019 Retrieved April 9 2019 Kinkead 1990 pp 86 87 Heckscher 2008 p 60 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 p 280 Taylor 2009 p 292 Berman 2003 p 81 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 281 283 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 264 266 Kinkead 1990 pp 84 85 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 315 317 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 386 387 Kinkead 1990 pp 89 90 Renewing Central Park Detective Management of the Trees and Shrubbery to Be Remedied The New York Times October 10 1886 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 9 2019 Retrieved April 9 2019 Kinkead 1990 pp 91 93 New Central Park Plaza The New York Times July 15 1888 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 14 2019 Retrieved April 14 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 294 295 Samuel Parsons Dismissed Brooklyn Daily Eagle May 12 1911 p 20 from the original on April 23 2019 Retrieved March 30 2019 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Kinkead 1990 pp 99 100 Kinkead 1990 pp 115 116 To Oppose Library in Central Park The New York Times June 1 1912 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 11 2019 To Oppose Stadium in Central Park The New York Times December 16 1919 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 11 2019 Resist Plan to Rob Park of 41 2 Acres The New York Times November 28 1923 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 11 2019 Objects to a Park Garage The New York Times January 7 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 11 2019 Park Bodies Merge In New Association To Speed City Plans The New York Times May 14 1928 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 11 2019 To Raise 3 000 000 For Central Park The New York Times June 22 1926 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 22 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 395 397 New Central Park Outlined in Plans New York Daily News December 20 1927 p 215 Retrieved March 30 2019 via newspapers com Herrick 1928 p 5 PDF p 6 Favors Irrigation For Central Park The New York Times March 29 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 9 2019 Retrieved April 9 2019 Kinkead 1990 pp 101 102 Kinkead 1990 pp 103 105 Caro 1974 p 334 Stern Gilmartin amp Mellins 1987 p 710 Kinkead 1990 pp 106 109 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 450 451 Caro 1974 p 984 Central Park s Sheep Join the Fold in Prospect Park The New York Times March 18 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 9 2019 Retrieved April 9 2019 Central Park Section Reopened to the Public The New York Times December 8 1943 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 11 2019 New 305 000 Boathouse at Central Park Lake Will Be Opened Today The New York Times March 12 1954 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 16 2019 Retrieved April 16 2019 Loeb Boat House Central Park Highlights New York City Department of Parks and Recreation from the original on April 16 2019 Retrieved April 16 2019 Central Park Conservancy Archived from the original on April 17 2019 Retrieved April 16 2019 Kinkead 1990 pp 110 111 Schumach Murray April 25 1956 Parking Lot Foes Routed By Moses The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 11 2019 Court Stops Job In Central Park The New York Times April 27 1956 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 11 2019 Kinkead 1990 pp 112 113 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 p 476 Central Park Conservancy August 18 2009 Archived from the original on March 10 2014 Retrieved December 20 2012 Gregg John April 29 1962 Manhattan s Changing New York Daily News p 52 Retrieved March 30 2019 via newspapers com Housing Plan for Central Park Scored as Absurd and Outrage The New York Times May 7 1964 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Golf in Central Park Is Rejected by Morris The New York Times November 19 1964 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 A Revolving World s Fair In Central Park Proposed The New York Times October 20 1966 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Rogers 2018 p 20 Calta Louis May 20 1971 Papp Altering Central Park Theater The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 See for example Strongin Theodore August 18 1965 Concert in Park Heard by 73 500 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 18 2019 Wilson John S June 18 1967 Barbra Streisand s Free Sing In Jams Sheep Meadow in the Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 18 2019 Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 p 489 Lindsay and Hoving Give New Skating Rink a Whirl The New York Times December 22 1966 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved January 19 2020 Hudson Edward June 8 1973 Central Park Condition Decried The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Gerston Jill November 20 1974 Central Park Called Badly Managed The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Maitland Leslie November 12 1978 Special Management Plan Urged To Combat Central Park s Decay The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Dembart Lee February 28 1979 New Central Park Overseer The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Slagle Alton February 6 1983 The Greening of Central Park New York Daily News pp 7 55 via newspapers com Larkin Kathy May 6 1983 Pruning Central Park New York Daily News p 69 Retrieved March 30 2019 via newspapers com 1870 Dairy In the Park Reopening The New York Times November 16 1979 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Central Park s Sheep Meadow Where the Grass Is Greener Is Reopened The New York Times September 25 1980 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Murphy Jean Parker Ottavino Kate Burns 1986 The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace The Terrace Bridge and Landscape Central Park New York APT Bulletin 18 3 24 38 doi 10 2307 1494116 JSTOR 1494116 Champe Peter Rabinowitz Mark 1999 Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling Bethesda Terrace Arcade Central Park New York City APT Bulletin 30 2 3 11 16 doi 10 2307 1504635 JSTOR 1504635 Carmody Deirdre October 14 1981 10 Year Restoration Planned for Central Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Carmody Deirdre October 13 1984 Central Park Renews Its Details and Vistas in a Burst of Repairs The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Johnston Laurie Anderson Susan Heller September 21 1983 New York Day by Day Crown for a Castle The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 La Rosa Paul September 22 1983 Thanks for the facelift New York Daily News p 158 Retrieved March 30 2019 via newspapers com Rosenzweig amp Blackmar 1992 pp 518 519 Carmody Deirdre April 28 1985 The City Unveils a Blueprint for Renovating Central Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Goldberger Paul June 28 1990 Review Architecture A Restored Grand Army Plaza With a New Coat for the General The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on May 21 2014 Retrieved April 14 2010 Gray Christopher September 4 1988 Streetscapes The Central Park Stable For a Police Station Restoration of an 1870 Jewel The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Kaufman Joanne October 20 2009 She Creates Urban Edens Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 from the original on January 16 2020 Retrieved January 16 2020 Lyall Sarah June 11 1987 Garden in Central Park Is Reborn After Neglect The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Kinkead 1990 pp 144 145 Anderson Susan Heller October 15 1987 Trump to Run 2 Ice Skating Rinks in Central Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Faye Kaplan Lisa August 18 1988 The Zoo Crew White Plains Journal News pp 23 24 via newspapers com Howe Marvine October 31 1993 Neighborhood Report Central Park A Rebirth For Upper Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Gray Christopher May 16 1993 Streetscapes Central Park Restoration Recalls the 1930s Battle of the Ballfields The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Gray Christopher January 2 1994 Streetscapes Central Park s Bridle Paths The Challenge of Restoring Long Neglected Trails The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Central Park Conservancy 2014 p 22 Kennedy Shawn G May 9 1993 A Nature Center Blooms in Central Park Woodlands The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Martin Douglas October 9 1997 City Emerald Great Lawn Reopens Will Its Fans Love It to Death The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved April 18 2019 Kadinsky 2016 p 43 Roberts Sam May 6 1993 131 Year Old Reservoir Is Deemed Obsolete The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on June 12 2018 Retrieved April 20 2020 Kifner John July 23 1994 Central Park Honor for Jacqueline Onassis The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on November 25 2018 Retrieved April 20 2020 Lee Denny September 3 2000 Neighborhood Report Central Park Fish Must Find New Homes As Pond Gets a Makeover The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved April 19 2019 Gray Christopher June 20 2004 Streetscapes The Central Park Reservoir A Good Fence Makes The Neighbors Feel Good The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved April 19 2019 Mooney Jake July 16 2006 Restoring Vaux s Vision One Tile at a Time The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved April 19 2019 Central Park s Bethesda Terrace Arcade Reopens New York City Department of Parks and Recreation March 2 2007 from the original on November 1 2013 Retrieved April 19 2019 Dunlap David W July 18 2008 Behind the Dam One Fierce Holdout City Room The New York Times Company from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved April 19 2019 Central Park Conservancy 2014 p 56 Central Park Conservancy Archived from the original on October 12 2017 Retrieved October 12 2017 Lee Jennifer 8 September 30 2009 An Old Bridge Reconstructed Is Unveiled in Central Park City Room The New York Times Company from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved April 19 2019 a href wiki Template Cite web title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link PDF Central Park Conservancy 2006 Archived from the original PDF on October 3 2007 Retrieved April 20 2019 Foderaro Lisa W September 20 2011 Conservancy Marks Milestone in Restoring Central Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 13 2019 Retrieved April 13 2019 Dutes Sheldon October 8 2014 Cars May Be Banned From Central Park NBC New York from the original on July 18 2016 Retrieved September 12 2019 Central Park Prospect Park loops to be closed to traffic on weekdays 7 Online June 18 2015 from the original on July 1 2015 Retrieved June 22 2016 Walker Ameena June 27 2018 At last Central Park is permanently car free Curbed NY from the original on October 6 2018 Retrieved October 6 2018 Central Park goes car free as traffic ban takes effect WABC TV June 26 2018 from the original on October 6 2018 Retrieved October 6 2018 Central Park s Castle Gets a 12 Million Fairy Tale Makeover The New York Times July 12 2019 ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on July 13 2019 Retrieved July 1 2019 Rosenberg Zoe June 18 2019 Central Park s Belvedere Castle will reopen June 28 Curbed NY from the original on June 18 2019 Retrieved June 19 2019 Gothamist June 18 2019 Archived from the original on June 18 2019 Retrieved June 19 2019 Pogrebin Robin October 31 2018 A Restoration for Shakespeare s Home in Central Park The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved April 19 2019 Durkin Erin July 18 2018 Central Park s Lasker pool and ice rink set for 150 million makeover New York Daily News from the original on April 17 2019 Retrieved April 17 2019 Barron James September 18 2019 110 Million to Fix Central Park Section Far From Billionaire s Row The New York Times from the original on September 19 2019 Retrieved September 19 2019 Cohen Li Yakira September 18 2019 Central Park s 150M redesign focuses on north end improvements AM New York from the original on September 20 2019 Retrieved September 19 2019 Glasser Baker Becca September 18 2019 Central Park to get new improved pool and ice skating rink Metro US from the original on September 26 2019 Retrieved September 19 2019 Tent hospital being constructed in New York City s Central Park WCBS TV March 29 2020 Retrieved March 30 2020 Holcombe Madeline Yan Holly March 30 2020 Central Park becomes a field hospital for New York where coronavirus deaths have topped 1 000 CNN Retrieved March 30 2020 Rubinstein Dana May 8 2023 Racetracks Parks Offices A Frantic Search for Migrant Housing The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 12 2023 Gloria Pazmino Samantha Beech May 6 2023 New York City mayor announces plan to transport willing migrants to locations outside the city ahead of expected surge CNN Retrieved May 12 2023 Wassef Mira June 27 2023 Central Park s Chess and Checkers House gets makeover PIX11 Retrieved June 28 2023 Rahmanan Anna April 22 2024 You can play pickleball at Central Park s Wollman Rink this summer Time Out New York Retrieved April 22 2024 Barron James April 22 2024 Pickleball Gets a Permanent Spot at Wollman Rink The New York Times Retrieved April 22 2024 Kode Anna Srivastava Maansi March 15 2024 Fixing Central Park s Bumpy Sidewalks The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved March 18 2024 Kinkead 1990 pp 220 221 McCully 2006 p 6 Merguerian amp Merguerian 2004 p 1 Shah A N Chang C C Kim K March 25 2004 Geological Society of America Archived from the original on November 18 2018 Retrieved April 15 2019 Merguerian amp Merguerian 2004 pp 7 8 Broad William J June 5 2018 How the Ice Age Shaped New York The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on May 8 2019 Retrieved April 15 2019 Geological History of NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation from the original on May 4 2019 Retrieved April 15 2019 Collins Glenn September 14 2005 The Very Cold Case of the Glacier The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on December 14 2017 Retrieved April 15 2019 Sherman 1994 pp 226 228 Bleyer Jennifer October 7 2007 The Zen of the Rock The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved April 19 2019 Merguerian amp Merguerian 2004 p 18 Kinkead 1990 p 224 Kinkead 1990 pp 225 226 Andropogon Associates 1989 pp 2 3 Kadinsky 2016 pp 44 45 Plitt Amy July 1 2017 20 hidden gems of Central Park Curbed NY from the original on March 28 2019 Retrieved March 1 2019 North Woods Central Park Conservancy from the original on April 23 2019 Retrieved April 23 2019 Andropogon Associates 1989 pp 37 38 Andropogon Associates 1989 p 39 Central Park Preserve The North Woods New York City Department of Parks and Recreation from the original on February 3 2018 Retrieved April 23 2019 Andropogon Associates 1989 pp 44 45 Central Park Conservancy Archived from the original on April 20 2019 Retrieved April 21 2019 Kilgannon Corey May 7 2011 Bird Watchers in Central Park Flock to the Ramble The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 22 2019 Retrieved April 21 2019 Foderaro Lisa W September 14 2012 In Central Park an Uneasy Coexistence Grows Uneasier The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 from the original on April 22 2019 Retrieved April 21 2019 Andropogon Associates 1989 pp 48 49, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games, mobile, phone, android, ios, apple, mobile phone, samsung, iphone, xiomi, xiaomi, redmi, honor, oppo, nokia, sonya, mi, pc, web, computer
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