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A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally share the king's political and military powers, unless on occasion acting as regent.
In contrast, a queen regnant is a female monarch who rules suo jure (Latin for, "in her own right") and usually becomes queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch.[]
A queen dowager is a widowed queen consort, and a queen mother is a queen dowager who is the mother of the current monarch.[]
Titles
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When a title other than king is held by the sovereign, his wife can be referred to by the feminine equivalent, such as (princess consort) or empress consort.
In monarchies where polygamy has been practised in the past (such as Morocco and Thailand), or is practised today (such as the Zulu nation and the various Yoruba polities), the number of the king’s wives and their status varies. In Morocco, (King Mohammed VI) has broken with tradition and given his wife, (Lalla Salma), the title of princess; prior to his reign, the Moroccan monarchy had no such title. In Thailand, the king and queen must both be of (royal descent); his other consorts need not be royal before marriage to him but are accorded royal titles that confer status. A Zulu (chieftain) designates one of his wives as "(Great Wife)", an equivalent to queen consort.
The situation is more complex in Yorubaland. (All of a chief's consorts) are essentially of equal rank. Although one wife, usually the one married to the chief for the longest time, may be given a (chieftaincy) of her own to highlight her relatively higher status compared to the other wives, she does not share her husband's ritual power as a chieftain. When a woman is to be vested with an authority similar to that of the chief, she is usually a (lady courtier) in his service who, although not married to him, is expected to lead his female subjects on his behalf.
In the Ottoman Empire, (haseki sultan) (Ottoman Turkish: حاصكي سلطان; Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān; Turkish pronunciation: ) was the title held by the lawful wife and imperial consort of the sultan. The title was first used in the 16th century by Hurrem Sultan, wife of Suleiman the Magnificent, replacing the previous title of "(Baş Kadın) ("Head Lady"). The bearer of the title occupied the second most important position in the Ottoman Empire for a female after (valide sultan) (queen mother).
While the wife of a king is usually given the title of queen, there is much less consistency for the husband of a reigning queen. The title of (king consort) is rare. Examples are Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in Scotland and (Francis, Duke of Cádiz), in Spain. (Antoine of Bourbon-Vendôme) in Navarre and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in Portugal also gained the title. In Portugal, because of the practice of jure uxoris, both King Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha and his predecessor, King Pedro of Portugal, were treated as ruling kings in protocol and were thus symbolically co-rulers with their wives, but both really had only the same power of a consort and the queen was the real ruler.
The title of prince consort for the husband of a reigning queen is more common. The monarchies that adopted this title did so because the title of king is usually historically higher than queen, so when the sovereign is female, her husband should never have a higher title than her. An example is Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He married Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom; because she insisted that he be given a title identifying his status, he became Albert, Prince Consort.
Role
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The traditional historiography on queenship has created an image of a queen who is a king's "helpmate" and provider of heirs. They had power within the royal household and partially within the court. Their duty was running the royal household smoothly, such as directing the children's education, supervising the staff, and managing the private royal treasury. They unofficially acted as hostesses, ensuring the royal family was not involved in scandals and giving gifts to high-ranking officials in a society where this was important to maintain bonds. As a result, consorts were expected to act as wise, loyal, and chaste women.
Some royal consorts of foreign origin have served as cultural transmitters. Due to their unique position of being reared in one culture and then, when very young, promised into marriage in another land with a different culture, they have served as a cultural bridge between nations. Based on their journals, diaries, and other autobiographical or historical accounts, some exchanged and introduced new forms of art, music, religion, and fashion.
However, the consorts of monarchs have no official political power per se, even when their position is constitutionally or statutorily recognized. They often held an informal sort of power dependent on the opportunities afforded to them. Should a queen consort have had an amiable personality and high intelligence, produced a healthy heir, and gained the favor of the court, then chances were higher she would gain more power over time. Many royal consorts have been shrewd or ambitious stateswomen and, usually (but not always) unofficially, among the monarch's most trusted advisors. In some cases, the royal consort has been the chief power behind her husband's throne, e.g., (Maria Luisa of Parma), wife of Charles IV of Spain. At other times the consort of a deceased monarch (the (dowager queen) or queen mother) has served as regent if her child, the successor to the throne, was still a minor:
- Queen Regent (Anne of Kiev), wife of Philip I of France
- Queen Regent (Jeonghui), grandmother of (King Seongjong of Korea)
- Queen Regent (Munjeong), mother of (King Myeongjong of Korea)
- Queen Regent Sunwon, grandmother of (King Heonjong of Korea)
- Grand Princess Regent (Olga of Kiev), mother of (Sviatoslav I of Kiev)
- Grand Princess Regent (Elena Glinskaya), mother of Ivan IV of Russia
- Queen Regent Mary of Guise, mother of Mary I of Scotland
- Queen Regent Catherine of Austria, grandmother of (Sebastian I of Portugal)
- Queen Regent Marie de' Medici, mother of Louis XIII of France
- Queen Regent Anne, mother of Louis XIV of France
- Queen Regent (Luisa de Guzmán), mother of (Afonso VI of Portugal)
- Rani (Lakshmi Bai), mother of Raja Damodar Rao of Jhansi
- Queen Regent Maria Christina of Austria, mother of Alfonso XIII of Spain
- Queen Regent (Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont), mother of Wilhelmina I of the Netherlands
- Queen Regent (Anna Khanum), mother of (Abbas II of Persia)
- Queen Regent (Helen of Greece), mother of King Michael I of Romania
Similarly, in several cases in (Siam) (now Thailand) the queen consort was named regent during an extended absence of the king:
- Queen Regent (Saovabha Phongsri), wife of King Chulalongkorn of Siam, served as Regent during his tour of Europe
- Queen Regent (Sirikit), wife of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, served as Regent during her husband's extended retreat
Examples of queens and empresses consort
Past queens consort:
- Queen (Sindeok), consort of Taejo of Joseon
- Queen (Jeongan), consort of (Jeongjong of Joseon)
- Queen (Wongyeong), consort of (Taejong of Joseon)
- Queen (Soheon), consort of Sejong the Great of Joseon
- Queen (Jeongsun), consort of (Danjong of Joseon)
- Queen (Inseong), consort of (Injong of Joseon)
- Queen (Uiin), first consort of (Seonjo of Joseon)
- Queen (Inmok), second of (Seonjo of Joseon)
- Queen (Inyeol), first consort of Injo of Joseon
- Queen (Jangnyeol), second consort of Injo of Joseon
- Queen (Inseon), consort of (Hyojong of Joseon)
- Queen (Myeongseong), consort of (Hyeonjong of Joseon)
- Queen (Ingyeong), first consort of (Sukjong of Joseon)
- Queen (Jang), principal consort of (Sukjong of Joseon). Demoted back in 1694 to the rank of hui-bin, (Royal Noble Consort Joseon rank 1)
- Queen (Jeongseong), first consort of Yeongjo of Joseon
- Queen (Hyoui), consort of Jeongjo of Joseon
- Queen (Hyohyeon), first consort (Heonjong of Joseon)
- Queen (Maria Theresa), consort of Louis XIV of France
- Queen Marie Leszczyńska, consort of Louis XV of France
- Queen Marie Antoinette, consort of Louis XVI of France
- Queen Caroline, consort of George II
- Queen Charlotte was George III's consort for 57 years, 70 days, between 1761 and 1818, making her Britain's longest-tenured queen consort.
- Queen (Caroline), consort of George IV
- Queen Adelaide, consort of William IV
- Queen Alexandra, consort of Edward VII
- Queen Mary, consort of George V
- Queen Elizabeth, consort of George VI
- Queen (Nguyễn Hữu Thị Lan), consort of Bảo Đại
- Queen Victoria, consort of Gustaf V of Sweden
- Queen (Louise), consort of Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
- Queen (Louise), consort of Christian IX of Denmark
- Queen (Louise), consort of (Frederik VIII of Denmark)
- Queen Alexandrine, consort Christian X of Denmark
- Queen (Ingrid), consort of Frederik IX of Denmark
- Queen (Louise), consort of Leopold I of Belgium
- Queen (Marie), consort of (Leopold II of Belgium)
- Queen (Elisabeth), consort of Albert I of Belgium
- Queen (Astrid), consort of (Leopold III of Belgium)
- Queen (Fabiola), consort of (Baudouin of Belgium)
- Queen (Paola), consort of Albert II of Belgium
- Queen (Sofía), consort of Juan Carlos I of Spain
- Queen (Anne Marie), consort of Constantine II of Greece
- Queen (Geraldine), consort of (Zog I of Albania)
- Queen (Marie José), consort of (Umberto II of Italy)
- (Queen Kapiolani), consort of King (Kalākaua) of Hawaiʻi
- Queen (Soraya Tarzi), principal consort of King (Amanullah Khan) of (Afghanistan)
- Tsaritsa (Ioanna), consort of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria
- Queen Elizabeth, consort of Henry VII of England
- Ranee (Sylvia Brett), consort of Vyner Brooke of The Raj of Sarawak
- Queen Catherine, first consort of Henry VIII of England. She was also regent in times of war.
- Queen Anne, second consort of Henry VIII of England. She gave birth to the future Elizabeth I, who was the last monarch of House of Tudor.
- Queen Jane, third consort of Henry VIII of England.
- Queen Anne, fourth consort of Henry VIII of England
- Queen Catherine, fifth consort of Henry VIII of England
- Queen Catherine, sixth consort of Henry VIII of England
- Queen Anne, consort of James I of England
- Queen Henrietta Maria, consort of Charles I of England
- Queen Cattherine, consort of Charles II of England
- Queen Mary, consort of James II of England
- Queen (Halaevalu Mata'aho), consort of (Tāufa'āhau Tupou IV), (Tu'i) of Tonga.
- Queen Hortense, consort of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland
- Queen (Bahiyah), consort of (Abdul Halim of Kedah)
- Queen (Haminah), consort of (Abdul Halim of Kedah)
- Queen (Siti Aishah), consort of (Salahuddin of Selangor)
- Queen (Najihah), consort of Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan
- Queen (Bainun), consort of (Azlan Shah of Perak)
- Queen (Zanariah), consort of (Iskandar of Johor)
- Queen (Sisowath Kossamak), consort of King (Norodom Suramarit) of Cambodia
- Queen (Norodom Monineath), consort of King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia
- Queen (Wilhelmine), consort of William I of the Netherlands
- Queen (Anna Pavlovna), consort of William II of the Netherlands
- Queen (Sophie), first consort of William III of the Netherlands
- Queen (Emma), second consort of William III of the Netherlands: When William died on 23 November 1890, Emma became regent (1890–1898) for her underaged daughter, Wilhelmina, the late king's only surviving child.
- Queen Maud, consort of King Haakon VII of Norway. She was also simultaneously a princess of the United Kingdom.
- Queen (Ratna), second consort of (Mahendra of Nepal)
- Queen (Sunanda Kumariratana), consort of King Chulalongkorn of Siam.
- Queen (Savang Vadhana), consort of King Chulalongkorn of Siam. She was also grandmother of the King (Ananda Mahidol) and Great King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.
- Queen (Sukhumala Marasri), consort of King Chulalongkorn of Siam.
- Queen (Saovabha Phongsri), consort of King Chulalongkorn of Siam, mother of the King (Prajadhipok) of Siam.
- Queen (Rambai Barni), consort of King (Prajadhipok) of Thailand
- Queen (Sirikit), consort of Great King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand
- Queen (Supayalat), chief consort of King (Thibaw Min), the last King of Burma
- Queen (Supayalay), consort of King (Thibaw Min), the last King of Burma
- Queen (Ruth), consort (or Mohumagadi) of Seretse Khama, (King) of the Bamangwato (Tswanas) of Botswana
- Queen (Mantfombi), principal consort (or (Inkosikazi) Enkhulu) of (Goodwill Zwelithini of Zululand), South Africa. She was also simultaneously a princess of Eswatini.
Past empresses consort:
- Empress (Theodora), consort of Justinian I, East Roman Emperor
- (Empress Aelia Sophia), consort of Justin II of the Byzantine Empire
- (Empress Wu), consort of Gaozong of Tang
- (Empress Wang), consort of (Gaozong of Tang)
- Empress (Chabi), chief wife of Kublai Khan, Emperor of Yuan dynasty
- Empress (Nambui), principal consort of Kublai Khan, Emperor of Yuan dynasty
- Empress (Danashri), principal consort of (Toghon Temür), Emperor of Yuan dynasty
- Empress (Bayan Khutugh), principal consort of (Toghon Temür), Emperor of Yuan dynasty
- (Empress Gi), principal consort of (Toghon Temür), Emperor of Yuan dynasty
- (Empress Xiaocigao), principal consort of Hongwu Emperor from the Ming dynasty
- Empress (Ruqaiya Sultan Begum), principal chief consort and first wife of (Akbar the Great), the third Mughal Emperor
- Empress (Salima Sultan Begum), principal consort and third wife of (Akbar the Great)
- Empress (Mariam-uz-Zamani), principal chief consort of (Akbar the Great), the third Mughal Emperor
- Empress (Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani), principal consort of Jahangir, the fourth Mughal Emperor
- Empress (Nur Jahan), principal chief consort of Jahangir, the fourth Mughal Emperor
- Empress Mumtaz Mahal, principal chief consort of Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal Emperor
- Empress Isabella of Portugal, consort of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. She was the regent of the Spanish Empire.
- (Haseki Sultan) (Hürrem Sultan), principal chief consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- (Haseki Sultan) (Nurbanu Sultan), principal chief consort and legal wife of Selim II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- (Haseki Sultan) (Safiye Sultan), principal chief consort of Murad III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- (Haseki Sultan) (Kösem Sultan), principal chief consort and legal wife of (Ahmed I), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- (Haseki Sultan Turhan Sultan), principal consort of (Ibrahim), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- (Haseki Sultan Gulnus Sultan), principal consort of Mehmed IV, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- (Kadinefendi) (Nakşidil Sultan), consort of (Abdul Hamid I), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- (Kadinefendi Bezmialem Sultan), consort of Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- (Kadinefendi Pertevniyal Sultan), consort of Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- (Kadinefendi Sevkefza Sultan), consort of Abdulmejid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- (Kadinefendi) (Tirimujgan Sultan), consort of Abdulmejid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- (Kadinefendi) (Perestu Sultan), consort of Abdulmejid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, consort of Francis I, Holy Roman Empire.
- (Empress) (Ana María Huarte), consort of Agustín I of Mexico, (Emperor of Mexico).
- Titular Empress (Carlota Joaquina of Spain), consort of John VI of Portugal, Titular Emperor of Brazil
- Empress (Carlota of Mexico), consort of Maximilian I of Mexico, (Emperor of Mexico).
- Empress Maria Leopoldina, consort of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil
- Empress (Amélie), consort of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil
- Empress (Teresa Cristina), consort of Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil
- (Empress Myeongseong), first principal wife of Gojong, the first emperor of the Korean Empire
- Empress (Eugénie), consort of (Napoléon III, Emperor of the French)
- Empress (Augusta Victoria), consort of Wilhelm II
- Empress Elisabeth, consort of Franz Joseph I
- Empress (Xiaojingxian), primary consort of Yongzheng, Qing Emperor
- Empress (Xiaoxianchun), principal consort of Qianlong, Qing Emperor
- Step Empress (Nara), secondary consort of (Qianlong, Qing Emperor)
- Empress (Xiaoshurui), principal consort of Jiaqing, Qing Emperor
- Empress (Xiaoherui), secondary consort of Jiaqing, Qing Emperor
- Empress (Xiao Zhen Xian), principal consort of (Xianfeng), Qing Emperor
- Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, consort of Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia
- Empress (Durdhara), principal chief consort of Chandragupta Maurya, first Maurya emperor
- Empress , principal chief consort of (Bindusara), Second Mauryan emperor
- Empress (Shubhadrangi), chief consort of (Bindusara), Second Mauryan emperor
- Empress (Asandhimitra), first principal chief consort (or Agramahishi) of Ashoka, third Mauryan emperor
- Empress Devi, chief consort of Ashoka, third Mauryan emperor
- Empress (Karuvaki), second principal chief consort of Ashoka, third Mauryan emperor
- Empress (Padmavati), chief consort of Ashoka, third Mauryan emperor
- Empress (Tishyaraksha), last principal chief consort of Ashoka, third Mauryan emperor
- Empress Michiko, consort of Emperor Akihito of Japan
Current queens consort:
- Queen (Zarith Sofiah), consort of (Ibrahim Iskandar) of (Malaysia)
- Queen Camilla, consort of (Charles III of the United Kingdom)
- Queen (Jetsun Pema), consort of (Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck of Bhutan)
- Queen (Letizia), consort of Felipe VI of Spain
- Queen ('Masenate), consort of (Letsie III of Lesotho)
- Queen (Mary), consort of (Frederik X of Denmark)
- Queen Mathilde, consort of (Philippe of Belgium)
- Queen Máxima, consort of Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands
- Queen (Nanasipauʻu Tukuʻaho), consort of (Tupou VI of Tonga)
- Queen (Rania), consort of Abdullah II of Jordan
- Queen (Saleha), consort of Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei Darussalam
- Queen Silvia, consort of Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
- Queen Sonja, consort of Harald V of Norway
- Queen (Suthida), consort of (Vajiralongkorn of Thailand)
Current empress consort:
- Empress Masako, consort of Emperor Naruhito of Japan
Current queens consort in federal monarchies
- Queen (Nur Zahirah), consort of (Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu)
- Queen (Fauziah), consort of (Sirajuddin of Perlis)
- Queen (Norashikin), consort of (Sharafuddin of Selangor)
- Queen (Aishah Rohani), consort of (Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan)
- Queen (Zarith Sofiah), consort of (Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor)
- Queen (Nur Diana Petra), consort of (Muhammad V of Kelantan)
- Queen (Zara Salim), consort of (Nazrin Shah of Perak)
- Queen (Maliha), consort of (Sallehuddin of Kedah)
- Queen (Azizah), consort of (Abdullah of Pahang)
Because queens consort lack an ordinal with which to distinguish between them, many historical texts and encyclopedias refer to deceased consorts by their premarital (or maiden) name or title, not by their marital royal title (examples: Queen Mary, consort of George V, is usually called Mary of Teck, and Queen Maria José, consort of (Umberto II of Italy), is usually called (Marie José of Belgium)).
See also
- First Lady
- Consort crown
- Prince consort
- (Princess consort)
- (Haseki Sultan)
- Sultana
- (Royal Noble Consort) (Korea)
- List of Bohemian consorts
- (List of Burmese consorts)
- List of British royal consorts
- (List of Bulgarian consorts)
- List of Danish royal consorts
- List of Dutch royal consorts
- (List of Queens and Empresses of France)
- (List of Georgian consorts)
- (List of Hawaiian royal consorts)
- List of Hungarian consorts
- List of Norwegian royal consorts
- (List of Persian consorts)
- (List of Pre-colonial Filipino Consorts)
- (List of Portuguese queens)
- List of Spanish royal consorts
- List of Swedish royal consorts
- (List of Thai royal consorts)
- (List of Tongan royal consorts)
References
- "What is Queen Consort? What will be the role of Camilla?". The Economic Times. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
- Hilton, Lisa (2009). Queens consort : the autobiography. London: Phoenix. ISBN . OCLC 359673870.
- Davis, Fanny (1986). "The Valide". The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN .
- Chancellor, Frank B. (1931). Prince Consort. New York: The Dial Press. pp. 215–218.
- Stafford, P (1983). Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages. London. p. 100.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher () - Nelson, J (1986). Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe. London. pp. 7. ISBN .
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher () - Mistry, Zubin (2019). "Ermentrude's consecration (866): queen-making rites and biblical templates for Carolingian fertility". Early Medieval Europe. 27 (4): 567–588. doi:10.1111/emed.12373. hdl:20.500.11820/141896e9-d116-4fc3-b50a-b9094ca0e8c0. ISSN 1468-0254. S2CID 213816257.
- Stafford, P (1983). Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages. London. p. 86.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher () - Stafford, P (1983). Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages. London. p. 112.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher () - Stafford, P (1983). Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages. London. p. 99.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher () - Watanabe-O'Kelly, Helen (2016). "Cultural Transfer and the Eighteenth-Century Queen Consort". German History. 34 (2): 279–292. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghw002.
- Orr, Clarissa Campbell (2004). Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–9. ISBN .
- "Carlota, The Belgian Princess Who Went Mad When She Became A Mexican Empress". (Cultura Colectiva). Retrieved 2 October 2022.
- "Marie-Antoinette | Facts, Biography, & French Revolution". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- Phillips, Lawrence Barnett (1871). The Dictionary of Biographical Reference: Containing One Hundred Thousand Names, Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America. S. Low, Son, & Marston. p. 900.
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