The River Thames t ɛ m z TEMZ known alternatively in parts as the River Isis is a river that flows through southern England including London At 215 miles 346 km it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom after the River Severn River ThamesThe River Thames at Vauxhall LondonCourse of the ThamesEtymologyProto Celtic tamessa possibly meaning dark LocationCountryEnglandCountiesGloucestershire Wiltshire Oxfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Surrey Greater London Kent EssexTowns citiesCricklade Lechlade Oxford Abingdon Wallingford Reading Henley on Thames Marlow Maidenhead Windsor Staines upon Thames Walton on Thames Sunbury on Thames Kingston upon Thames London inc Twickenham the City Dagenham Erith Dartford Grays GravesendPhysical characteristicsSource locationThames Head Gloucestershire UK coordinates51 41 40 N 02 01 47 W 51 69444 N 2 02972 W 51 69444 2 02972 elevation110 m 360 ft 2nd source locationUllenwood Gloucestershire UK coordinates51 50 49 N 02 04 41 W 51 84694 N 2 07806 W 51 84694 2 07806 elevation214 m 702 ft MouthThames Estuary North Sea locationSouthend on Sea Essex UK coordinates51 30 00 N 00 36 36 E 51 50000 N 0 61000 E 51 50000 0 61000 elevation0 m 0 ft Length346 km 215 mi Basin size12 935 km2 4 994 sq mi Discharge locationLondon average65 8 m3 s 2 320 cu ft s maximum370 m3 s 13 000 cu ft s Discharge locationentering Oxford average17 6 m3 s 620 cu ft s Discharge locationleaving Oxford average24 8 m3 s 880 cu ft s Discharge locationReading Berkshire average39 7 m3 s 1 400 cu ft s Discharge locationWindsor average59 3 m3 s 2 090 cu ft s Basin featuresTributaries leftWindrush Cherwell Colne Lea Roding rightKennet Wey MolevteThames summary route mapLegend235 84 Thames Head Kemble Gloucestershire235 06 Thames Head Bridge A433 Fosse Way 233 97 A429 Bridge and Cirencester branch lineMidland and South Western Junction Railway Bridge216 81 A419 Bridge CrickladeCastle Eaton BridgeHannington Bridge200 96 Limit of navigationInglesham Lock Thames amp Severn Canal Phase 2200 83 River Coln rises at Brockhampton 199 72 Halfpenny Bridge Lechlade A361 199 65 St John s Lock Last lock on the river 71 m ASLRadcot BridgeTadpole Bridge173 18 River Windrush NorthmoorNewbridgeSwinford Toll Bridge159 34 River Evenlode Cassington155 46 Thames Oxford By pass Bridge A34 110 10 Osney Rail Bridge Cherwell Valley line 148 88 River Cherwell Oxford partly canalised146 83 Isis Bridge Oxford Ring Road A423 110 10 Kennington Railway Bridge Goods Line Nuneham Viaduct GWR to Birmingham 136 47 Abingdon Bridge A415 Abingdon amp CulhamRiver OckWilts amp Berks CanalSutton Bridge131 02 Appleford Railway Bridge GWR to Birmingham Clifton Hampden BridgeRiver Thame Dorchester on ThamesShillingford Bridge115 41 Wallingford Bridge Wallingford amp Crowmarsh Gifford110 10 Moulsford Railway Bridge GWR to Bristol Goring and Streatley Bridge105 94 Goring Bridge GWR to Bristol Whitchurch Bridge89 74 Caversham Bridge Reading A4155 87 41 River Kennet canalised Reading79 24 River Loddon WargraveSonning BridgeShiplake Railway Bridge73 72 Henley Bridge A4130 Henley on Thames amp Remenham60 75 Marlow Bridge Marlow60 04 Marlow By pass Bridge Marlow A404 Bourne End Railway BridgeCookham Bridge 50 Jubilee River Maidenhead49 10 Maidenhead Railway Bridge GWR to Bristol etc 46 67 M4 Bridge Dorney amp Bray40 03 Queen Elizabeth Bridge A332 Eton amp WindsorWindsor branch line bridge38 91 Windsor Bridge Eton amp WindsorProposed canal link to Slough 35 Jubilee River EtonWindsor amp Eton Riverside station bridge28 46 Colne Brook Wraysbury28 45 Runnymede Bridges A30 amp M25 Staines upon Thames amp Egham27 82 Staines Bridge A308 Staines upon Thames amp Egham Hythe27 70 River Colne Staines upon ThamesStaines Railway Bridge21 34 M3 bridge Chertsey amp Laleham20 80 Chertsey Bridge B375 Chertsey amp Shepperton17 32 The Bournes 1 2 Addlestone17 08 Wey and its navigation Addlestone amp Weybridge14 43 Walton Bridge A244 Shepperton amp Walton on Thames7 53 Hampton Court Bridge A309 Hampton Court amp East Molesey7 45 River Mole East Molesey amp Thames Ditton3 34 Kingston Bridge Hampton Wick amp Kingston upon ThamesKingston Railway Bridge0 64 Teddington Lock Weir amp Bridges Tidal limit0 0 Teddington Boundary Stone PLA DoE Richmond BridgeRichmond Railway Bridge 4 52 Twickenham Bridge A316 Twickenham amp Richmond 4 80 Richmond Lock and Footbridge 6 11 River Crane Twickenham amp Isleworth 7 71 River Brent Grand Union Canal 8 80 Kew Bridge South Circular Road A205 Brentford amp Kew Kew Railway Bridge District line and former British Rail 10 86 Chiswick Bridge A316 Chiswick amp MortlakeBarnes Railway BridgeHammersmith Bridge Hammersmith 17 84 Putney Bridge A219 Fulham amp PutneyFulham Railway Bridge District line 18 95 River Wandle Wandsworth 19 44 Wandsworth Bridge A217 Fulham amp Wandsworth 20 84 Battersea Railway Bridge 21 88 Battersea Bridge A3220 Chelsea amp Battersea 23 66 Victoria Railway Bridge 25 24 Vauxhall Bridge A202 Pimlico amp Vauxhall 26 01 Lambeth Bridge A3202 Millbank amp Lambeth 26 55 Westminster Bridge A302 Central London 27 35 Charing Cross Bridge amp Station S Coast 28 01 Waterloo Bridge A301 Central London 28 55 Blackfriars Bridge A201 Central London 28 63 Blackfriars Rly Bridge Station Thameslink Millennium Bridge 29 10 Southwark Bridge A300 Central LondonCannon Street Railway Bridge and Cannon St Station 29 80 London Bridge A3 8 7 m headway Central London 30 69 Tower Bridge A100 42 5 m headway City of London amp BermondseyThames Tunnel on the East London line 32 83 Rotherhithe Tunnel A101 Limehouse amp Rotherhithe 33 65 Regent s Canal 40 08 Blackwall Tunnel A102 Blackwall amp Greenwich Peninsula 41 06 River Lea and its navigation Bow Creek Blackwall amp Canning Town 43 51 Thames Barrier 45 24 Woolwich Ferry links A406 with A205 North Woolwich amp Woolwich 48 55 Barking Creek River Roding 59 25 River Darent Dartford Creek 61 96 Dartford Crossing A282 N West Thurrock amp Dartford 62 04 Queen Elizabeth II Bridge A282 S 54 1 m headway West Thurrock amp Dartford 64 76 Channel Tunnel Rail Link 69 66 Tilbury Docks 87 72 Holehaven Creek 99 42 Southend Pier Southend on Sea 103 9 River Medway amp Sheerness Docks 110 6 Foulness Point Essex Warden Point Kent PLA limit End of Thames Estuary North SeavteThameside settlements Towns villages by parish beside the river blank spaces indicate as place above Kemble GloucestershireKemble meads Ewen Somerford KeynesPoole Keynes meads and lakes of bothAshton Keynes Ashton KeynesLeigh meads Ashton Keynes meads Cricklade Latton meads Castle Eaton meads Castle Eaton Marston Meysey meads KempsfordHannington meads Kempsford meads Limit of navigationInglesham meads LechladeBuscot meads Lechlade meads Eaton Hastings KelmscottFaringdon meads Radcot meads Clanfield meads Littleworth mead Clanfield meads Buckland meads Bampton meads Hinton Waldrist meads Chimney meads Longworth meads Shifford meads Kingston Bagpuize meads Standlake meads Fyfield meads Northmoor meads Appleton with Eaton meads Bablock Hythe and meads Cumnor Stanton Harcourt meads Farmoor Cumnor Eynsham meads Swinford and meads CumnorWytham Cassington meads Yarnton meads WolvercoteBinsey Oxfordshire Wolvercote Common WolvercoteOsney New Osney west central Oxford Grandpont Oxford south central New Hinksey South Hinksey east Oxford inc Rose Hill Kennington Oxfordshire Littlemore meads OxfordSandford on ThamesRadley meads Nuneham Courtenay meads Abingdon Culham meads Sutton CourtenayAppleford on Thames Clifton Hampden meads Long Wittenham Burcot Clifton HampdenLittle Wittenham Dorchester on Thames meads Shillingford Hill Brightwell cum Sotwell meads Shillingford WarboroughBenson meads Preston Crowmarsh Benson meads Moulsford South StokeWallingford Crowmarsh GiffordNewnham MurrenMongewellCholsey North StokeMoulsford South StokeStreatley Goring on ThamesLower Basildon Basildon GoringPangbourne Whitchurch on ThamesPurley on Thames Mapledurham meads TilehurstReading CavershamSonning Sonning Eye Eye and DunsdenCharvil meads Shiplake meads Wargrave Lower Shiplake ShiplakeRemenham Henley on ThamesAston Remenham Mill End HambledenHurley on Thames MedmenhamBisham MarlowCookham Little MarlowHedsor Wharf Hedsor meads Bourne EndMaidenhead TaplowBray TaplowDorney meads Water Oakley Willows Riverside Park BrayDedworth Boveney BurnhamClewer EtonWindsor EtonThe Home Park Windsor DatchetOld Windsor WraysburyRunnymede Egham meads Egham Hythe Staines upon ThamesThorpePenton Hook Chertsey LalehamChertsey Dumsey Meadow SheppertonHamm Court Estate Addlestone Old Shepperton Shepperton various islands Weybridge Old Shepperton SheppertonWalton on Thames Lower Halliford SheppertonSunbury on ThamesWest and central Molesey HamptonEast Molesey Hampton Court HamptonThames DittonSeething Wells partially SurbitonKingston upon Thames Hampton WickHam Kingston upon Thames meads TeddingtonTeddington Lock Weir amp Bridges normal tidal limitPetersham TwickenhamRichmondOld Isleworth IsleworthKew BrentfordStrand on the Green ChiswickMortlake Dukes Meadows ChiswickBarnes ChiswickCastelnau Barnes HammersmithLondon Wetland Centre Barnes FulhamPutneyWandsworthBattersea Sands End FulhamChelseaNine Elms Battersea Pimlico WestminsterVauxhallMillbank Westminster North LambethWaterloo Victoria Embankment Strand WestminsterSt Clement DanesSouthwark City of London The BoroughBermondsey St Katherine s Wharf St George in the EastWappingRotherhithe ShadwellLimehouseMillwall PoplarDeptford Millwall Cubitt Town PoplarGreenwich Cubitt Town PoplarGreenwich Peninsula Greenwich Blackwall PoplarLeamouth PoplarNew Charlton Charlton West HamWoolwich Thames Barrier East Ham North WoolwichThamesmead Woolwich BarkingThamesmead Erith DagenhamErith Rainham Marshes RainhamWennington Marshes WenningtonErith Crayford Marshes Aveley Marshes AveleyDartford Marshes Dartford West Thurrock Purfleet West Thurrock Marshes Stone Marshes StoneGreenhitheSwanscombeSwanscombe Marshes Broadness Lighthouse Swanscombe Grays or more rarely Grays Thurrock Northfleet Tilbury West TilburyGravesendEastcourt Marshes ChalkShorne Marshes Shorne West TilburyHigham Marshes Lower Higham East TilburyCliffe Marshes Redham Mead Cliffe Corringham Marshes Thames Haven CorringhamHalstow Marshes High Halstow Canvey Island Corringham Stanford le Hope Leigh on SeaSt Marys Marshes St Mary HooAllhallows on Sea Leigh on SeaGrain Southend on SeaEnd of Thames Estuary North Sea the few settlements further along the debatable estuary to the two points mentioned in the routemap are on inlets or far inland vteThames bridgesLegendKey FootbridgeRoad bridgeDualled roadTripled or more road bridgeRailLock island bridge and linked footbridge to left bankNote 1 2a etc for minimum count of bridges over a full course others sub lettered b etc to from islands linked to both banks Thames Head1 A433 Fosse Way Tetbury Road Thames Bridge2 bridleway bridge3 A429 Bridge4 Parker s Bridge for Thames Path TP 5 unnamed the south lane Ewen to from Poole Keynes amp for TP6 Former Washburn s Mill footbridge for TP7 footbridge above Old Mill Farm8 footbridge9 footbridge above Neigh Bridge Lake for TP10 Neigh Bridge11 Oaksey Road Bridge for TP11 Cul de sac bridge Cotswold Water Park hamlet12 Lower Mill Estate bridge 113 Lower Mill Estate bridge 214 Lower Mill Estate bridge 315 footbridge for TP non woodland 16 footbridge for return of linear woodland paved variant of TP17 footbridge for path to Somerford Keynessouthbound 90 degree ex leat channel18a footbridge Ashton Keynes19a amp 19b Side road and B4696 bridges19c church lane footbridge19d church lane bridge19e to h drive garden bridges 4 19i Swill Brook Gosditch name of lane to B4696 bridge19j to s drive garden bridges 10 20a amp 20b Three Bridges Bridge amp drive garden bridge20c The Derry name of lane to B4696 Bridgepart of ex leat channel rejoins21a amp b High amp Oaklake Bridges High Road Ashton Keynesrest of ex leat channel rejoins22 Waterhay Bridge Leigh23 Footbridge24 Footbridge25 Footbridge26 M amp SWJR footbridge Cricklade27 North Wilts Canal footbridge27 Old West Mill site footbridge for TP28 Town Bridge Cricklade29 Abingdon Court Lane cul de sac 30 A419 Bridge31 Eysey Footbridge for TP32 Footbridge for TP33 Castle Eaton Bridge34 Hannington BridgeLechlade Wiltshire boundary backwater starts35a amp 35b Backwater amp Round House footbridgebackwater ends36 Halfpenny Bridge Lechlade37 St John s Bridge Lechlade38 Bloomers Hole Footbridge for TP39a b amp c Buscot Lock amp island bridges40 Eaton Footbridge for TP corrollary local loop 41a b c amp d Radcot Bridges amp Cradle footbridge for TP oblique from island to right bank only 42 Old Man s Bridge43 Rushey Lock amp island bridge44 Tadpole Bridge45 Tenfoot footbridge46 Duxford Ford and Shifford Lock Cut footbridge47 Newbridge48 Hart s Weir Footbridge49 Pinkhill Lock amp island bridge50 Swinford Toll BridgeWytham Seacourt Botley amp Bulstake Hinksey Redbridge Streams Osney D amp S Hogacre Eastwyke Hinksey Ditches bridges 51b to ay 50 bridges Wolvercote Mill Stream bridges 52b amp c x 2Sheepwash Channel bridges 52d to g x 451a A34 Thames Bridge52 Godstow Bridgenavigation vs Fiddlers Island Streams52a b c d Medley Footbridge Tank footbridge Binsey amp three TP bridges across thin middle Fiddlers islandCastle Mill Stream amp Wareham Stream bridges 52e to 52u 53a Osney Bridge54a amp b Osney Rail Bridge amp southerly rail bridge over Hinksey Stream of the Thames55 Gasworks Footbridge56 Grandpont Bridge57 Donnington Bridge58 c to h Weirs Mill Stream s 6 bridges 58a amp b Isis Bridge amp Folly Bridge59 Kennington Railway Bridge60 Sandford Lock amp island bridge61 Nuneham Viaduct62 Abingdon Lock amp island bridge63 Abingdon Bridge64 Culham Lock amp island bridge65 Sutton Bridge66 Appleford Railway Bridge67 Clifton Hampden Bridge68 Day s Lock amp island bridge69 Little Wittenham Bridge to island and Footbridge70 Shillingford Bridge71 Wallingford Bridge72 Winterbrook Bridge73 Moulsford Railway Bridge74 Goring and Streatley Bridge75 Gatehampton Railway Bridge76 Whitchurch Bridge76b Festival footbridge77 Caversham Bridge78 Christchurch footbridge79 Reading Bridge80a b amp c amp d Caversham Lock amp island bridges81a amp b amp c Sonning amp Sonning Backwater Bridges82 Shiplake Railway Bridge83 Henley Bridge84 Temple Footbridge85 Marlow Bridge86 Marlow bypass A404 Bridge87a amp b Bourne End Railway Bridge amp pedestrian bridge88 Cookham Bridge89 Maidenhead Bridge90 Maidenhead Railway Bridge91 M4 Thames Bridge92 Summerleaze Footbridge93 Queen Elizabeth Bridge94 Windsor Railway Bridge95 Windsor Bridge96 Black Potts Railway Bridge97 Victoria Bridge Datchet98 Albert Bridge Datchet99 Runnymede Bridge100 Staines Bridge101 Staines Railway Bridge102 M3 Thames bridge103 Chertsey Bridge104 Walton Bridge105 Hampton Court Bridge106 Kingston Bridge107 Kingston Railway Bridge108 Teddington Lock Bridge s 109 Richmond Bridge110 Richmond Railway Bridge111 Twickenham Bridge112 Richmond Lock Footbridge over superstructure 113 Kew Bridge114 Kew Railway Bridge115 Chiswick Bridge116 Barnes Railway Bridge117 Hammersmith Bridge118 Putney Bridge 3 lanes vs 1 119 Fulham Railway Bridge120 Wandsworth Bridge121 Battersea Railway Bridge122 Battersea Bridge123 Albert Bridge London124 Chelsea Bridge125 Victoria Grosvenor Railway Bridge126 Vauxhall Bridge127 Lambeth Bridge128 Westminster Bridge half Bus Lane 129a amp b Charing Cross Hungerford Bridge amp Golden Jubilee130 Waterloo Bridge half Bus Lane 131 Blackfriars Bridge132 Blackfriars Rly Bridge Station Thameslink 133 Millennium Bridge134 Southwark Bridge135 Cannon Street Railway Bridge assoc d station136 London Bridge137 Tower Bridge not dualled 138 Queen Elizabeth II Bridge one way four lanes amp attracts a toll End of Thames Estuary The river rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire and flows into the North Sea near Tilbury Essex and Gravesend Kent via the Thames Estuary From the west it flows through Oxford where it is sometimes called the Isis Reading Henley on Thames and Windsor The Thames also drains the whole of Greater London The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock Its tidal section includes most of its London stretch and has a rise and fall of 23 ft 7 m From Oxford to the estuary the Thames drops by 55 metres 180 ft Running through some of the drier parts of mainland Britain and heavily abstracted for drinking water the Thames discharge is low considering its length and breadth the Severn has a discharge almost twice as large on average despite having a smaller drainage basin In Scotland the Tay achieves more than double the Thames average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60 smaller Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs Its catchment area covers a large part of south eastern and a small part of western England the river is fed by at least 50 named tributaries The river contains over 80 islands With its waters varying from freshwater to almost seawater the Thames supports a variety of wildlife and has a number of adjoining Sites of Special Scientific Interest with the largest being in the North Kent Marshes and covering 20 4 sq mi 5 289 ha NameBrittonic origin Image of the deity AEsus on the Gallo Roman Pillar of the Boatmen A statue of Old Father Thames by Raffaelle Monti at St John s Lock Lechlade According to Mallory and Adams the Thames from Middle English Temese is derived from the Brittonic name for the river Tamesas from tamessa recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys Thames The name element Tam may have meant dark and can be compared to other cognates such as Russian temno Proto Slavic tĭmĭnŭ Lithuanian tamsi dark Latvian tumsa darkness Sanskrit tamas and Welsh tywyll darkness and Middle Irish teimen dark grey The origin is shared by many other river names in Britain such as the River Tamar at the border of Devon and Cornwall several rivers named Tame in the Midlands and North Yorkshire the Tavy on Dartmoor the Team of the North East the Teifi and Teme of Wales the Teviot in the Scottish Borders and a Thames tributary the Thame Kenneth H Jackson proposed that the name of the Thames is not Indo European and of unknown meaning while Peter Kitson suggested that it is Indo European but originated before the Britons and has a name indicating muddiness from a root ta melt Name history Early variants of the name include Tamesa Brittonic Tamesis Latin Tamis Temes Old English Tamise Thamis 1220 Middle English Anglo Norman French Indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name Thames is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit Tamesubugus made this It is believed that Tamesubugus name was derived from that of the river Tamese was referred to as a place not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography c AD 700 The river s name has always been pronounced with a simple t t the Middle English spelling was typically Temese and the Brittonic form Tamesis A similar spelling from 1210 Tamisiam the accusative case of Tamisia see Kingston upon Thames Early history is found in Magna Carta Sculpture of Tamesis Downstream keystone of the central arch of Henley BridgeThe Isis The Thames through Oxford is sometimes when called the Isis Historically and especially in Victorian times gazetteers and cartographers insisted that the entire river was correctly named the Isis from its source down to Dorchester on Thames and that only from this point where the river meets the Thame and becomes the Thame isis supposedly subsequently abbreviated to Thames should it be so called citation needed Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as River Thames or Isis down to Dorchester Since the early 20th century this distinction has been lost in common usage outside of Oxford and some historians who suggest the name Isis is nothing more than a truncation of Tamesis the Latin name for the Thames Sculptures titled Tamesis and Isis by Anne Seymour Damer are located on the bridge at Henley on Thames Oxfordshire the original terracotta and plaster models were exhibited at the Royal Academy London in 1785 They are now when on show at the River and Rowing Museum in Henley Name legacy Richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames part of it where it was too wide to ford was called p lowonida This gave the name to a settlement on its banks which became known as Londinium from the Indo European roots pleu flow and nedi river meaning something like the flowing river or the wide flowing unfordable river The river gives its name to three informal areas the Thames Valley a region of England around the river between Oxford and West London the Thames Gateway and the greatly overlapping Thames Estuary around the tidal Thames to the east of London and including the waterway itself Thames Valley Police is a formal body that takes its name from the river covering three counties In non administrative use the river s name is used in those of Thames Valley University Thames Water Thames Television publishing company Thames amp Hudson Thameslink north south rail service passing through central London and South Thames College An example of its use in the names of historic entities is the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company HistoryMarks of human activity in some cases dating back to Pre Roman Britain are visible at various points along the river These include a variety of structures connected with use of the river such as navigations bridges and watermills as well as prehistoric burial mounds The lower Thames in the Roman era was a shallow waterway winding through marshes But centuries of human intervention have transformed it into a deep tidal canal flowing between 200 miles of solid walls these defend a floodplain where 1 5 million people work and live A major maritime route is formed for much of its length for shipping and supplies through the Port of London for international trade internally along its length and by its connection to the British canal system The river s position has put it at the centre of many events in British history leading to it being described by John Burns as liquid history Two broad canals link the river to other rivers the Kennet and Avon Canal Reading to Bath and the Grand Union Canal London to the Midlands The Grand Union effectively bypassed the earlier narrow and winding Oxford Canal which remains open as a popular scenic recreational route Three further cross basin canals are disused but are in various stages of reconstruction the Thames and Severn Canal via Stroud which operated until 1927 to the west coast of England the Wey and Arun Canal to Littlehampton which operated until 1871 to the south coast and the Wilts amp Berks Canal Rowing and sailing clubs are common along the Thames which is navigable to such vessels Kayaking and canoeing also take place Major annual events include the Henley Royal Regatta and the Boat Race while the Thames has been used during two Summer Olympic Games 1908 rowing and 1948 rowing and canoeing Safe headwaters and reaches are a summer venue for organised swimming which is prohibited on safety grounds in a stretch centred on Central London Conversion of marshland After the river took its present day course many of the banks of the Thames Estuary and the Thames Valley in London were partly covered in marshland as was the adjoining Lower Lea Valley Streams and rivers like the River Lea Tyburn Brook and Bollo Brook drained into the river while some islands e g Thorney Island formed over the ages The northern tip of the ancient parish of Lambeth for example was marshland known as Lambeth Marshe but it was drained in the 18th century the street name Lower Marsh preserves a memory Until the middle of the Victorian era malaria was commonplace beside the River Thames even in London and was frequently lethal Some cases continued to occur into the early 20th century Draining of the marshes had to do with its eradication but the causes are complex and unclear The East End of London also known simply as the East End was the area of London east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames although it is not defined by universally accepted formal boundaries the River Lea can be considered another boundary Most of the local riverside was also marshland The land was drained and became farmland it was built on after the Industrial Revolution Canvey Island in southern Essex area 18 45 km2 7 12 sq mi population 40 000 was once marshy but is now a fully reclaimed island in the Thames estuary separated from the mainland of south Essex by a network of creeks Lying below sea level it is prone to flooding at exceptional tides but has nevertheless been inhabited since Roman times CourseThe marker stone at the official source of the River Thames named Thames Head near Kemble img, wikipedia, 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