The open mid back unrounded vowel or low mid back unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʌ graphically a rotated lowercase v called a turned V but created as a small capital ᴀ without the crossbar even though some vendors display it as a real turned v Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as a wedge caret or hat In transcriptions for English this symbol is commonly used for the near open central unrounded vowel and in transcriptions for Danish it is used for the open back rounded vowel Open mid back unrounded vowelʌIPA Number314Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 652 Unicode hex U 028CX SAMPAVBrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedSpectrogram of ʌFeaturesIts vowel height is open mid also known as low mid which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel a low vowel and a mid vowel Its vowel backness is back which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized which means that often they are in fact near back It is unrounded which means that the lips are not rounded OccurrenceLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAjie ke kʌˀ pot Distinct from e Catalan Solsones tarda ˈtaɾd ʌ ː afternoon Realization of final unstressed e Emilian most Emilian dialects Bulaggna buˈlʌɲːɐ Bologna It corresponds to a sound between ɔ to a written o in some spellingsEnglish Cape Town lot lʌt lot It corresponds to a weakly rounded ɒ in all other South African dialects See South African English phonologyNatalCardiff thought 8ʌːt thought For some speakers it may be rounded and closer See English phonologyGeneral South African no nʌː no May be a diphthong ʌʊ instead See South African English phonologyGeneral American gut gut In some dialects fronted to ɜ or fronted and lowered to ɐ In Standard Southern British English ʌ is increasingly heard in place of ɐ to avoid the trap strut merger See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel ShiftInland Northern AmericanMulticultural LondonNewfoundlandNorthern East AnglianPhiladelphiaScottishSome Estuary English speakersSome Standard Southern British speakersFrench Picardy alors aˈlʌʀ so Corresponding to ɔ in standard French German Chemnitz dialect machen ˈmʌxɴ to do Allophone of ʌ ʌː which phonetically are central ɜ ɜː before and after ŋ kʰ k x ʁ Exact backness varies it is most posterior before x ʁ Haida ḵwaaay qʷʰʌʔaːj the rock Allophone of a sometimes also aː after uvular and epiglottal consonants Irish Ulster dialect ola ʌl ˠe oil See Irish phonologyKaingang ˈɾʌ mark Varies between back ʌ and central ɜ Kashmiri از ʌz today Allophone of Near open central vowel ɐ Used only in monosyllables Typical of the Srinagar variety Kensiu hʌʎ stream Korean 너 neo nʌ you See Korean phonologyLillooet example needed Retracted counterpart of e Mah Meri example needed Allophone of e can be mid central e or close mid back ɤ instead Nepali असल asal ʌsʌl good See Nepali phonologyPortuguese Greater Lisbon area leite ˈɫ ʌjt ɨ milk Allophone of ɐ before i forming a phonetic diphthong ʌj Corresponds to e in other accents See Portuguese phonologyRussian Standard Saint Petersburg golova golova ɡeɫ ʌˈva head Corresponds to ɐ in standard Moscow pronunciation occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables See Russian phonologyTamil example needed Nasalized Phonetic realization of the sequence am may be o or a instead See Tamil phonologyXavante jʌm seed The nasal version ʌ also occurs Before World War II the ʌ of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel ʌ which has since shifted forward towards ɐ a near open central unrounded vowel Daniel Jones reported his speech southern British as having an advanced back vowel ʌ between his central e and back ɔ however he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal a In American English varieties such as in the West the Midwest and the urban South the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme ʌ is an open mid central ɜ Truly backed variants of ʌ that are phonetically ʌ can occur in Inland Northern American English Newfoundland English Philadelphia English some of African American English and old fashioned white Southern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas However the letter ʌ is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme even in the more common varieties with central variants ɐ or ɜ That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation NotesWhile the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Zetterberg William So close and yet so different Reconstructing the phonological history of three Southern New Caledonian languages Lund University Lund University Retrieved 9 July 2023 Analisi dialectologica d uns parlars del Solsones prezi com Retrieved 2019 11 29 bulgnais com in Emilian Archived from the original on 2020 10 26 Retrieved 2020 04 21 Lass 2002 p 115 Collins amp Mees 1990 p 95 Wells 1982 pp 614 621 Wells 1982 p 614 Wells 1982 p 485 Cruttenden 2014 p 122 W Labov S Ash and C Boberg 1997 A national map of the regional dialects of American English Department of Linguistics University of Pennsylvania retrieved May 27 2013 Cruttenden 2014 p 91 Thomas 2001 pp 27 28 61 63 Trudgill 2004 p 167 Thomas 2001 pp 27 28 73 74 Scobbie Gordeeva amp Matthews 2006 p 7 Altendorf amp Watt 2004 p 188 Picardie phonetique Retrieved 29 January 2015 Khan amp Weise 2013 pp 235 238 Khan amp Weise 2013 p 236 Khan amp Weise 2013 p 238 Lawrence 1977 pp 32 33 Lawrence 1977 pp 32 33 36 Ni Chasaide 1999 pp 114 115 Jolkesky 2009 pp 676 677 682 Jolkesky 2009 pp 676 682 Bishop 1996 p 230 Lee 1999 Kruspe amp Hajek 2009 p 245 Cruz Ferreira 1995 pp 91 2 Yanushevskaya amp Buncic 2015 p 225 Keane 2004 p 114 Nikulin amp Carvalho 2019 p 263 Jones 1972 pp 86 88 Gordon 2004b p 340 Tillery amp Bailey 2004 p 333 Thomas 2001 pp 27 28 112 115 121 134 174 Gordon 2004a pp 294 296 Roca amp Johnson 1999 p 135 ReferencesAltendorf Ulrike Watt Dominic 2004 The dialects in the South of England phonology In Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A Handbook of Varieties of English Vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 181 196 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Bishop Nancy 1996 A preliminary description of Kensiu Maniq phonology PDF Mon Khmer Studies Journal 25 227 253 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 1990 The phonetics of Cardiff English In Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters pp 87 103 ISBN 1 85359 032 0 Cruttenden Alan 2014 Gimson s Pronunciation of English 8th ed Routledge ISBN 9781444183092 Cruz Ferreira Madalena 1995 European Portuguese Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 2 90 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005223 S2CID 249414876 Gordon Matthew 2004a New York Philadelphia and other Northern Cities In Kortmann Bernd Schneider Edgar W eds A Handbook of Varieties of English Vol 1 Phonology Walter de Gruyter pp 294 296 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Gordon Matthew 2004b The West and Midwest Phonology in Kortmann Bernd Schneider Edgar W eds A Handbook of Varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Walter de Gruyter p 340 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2009 Fonologia e prosodia do Kaingang falado em Cacique Doble Phonology and prosody of Kaingang spoken in Cacique Doble Anais do SETA in Portuguese 3 Campinas Editora do IEL UNICAMP 675 685 Jones Daniel 1972 An Outline of English Phonetics 9th ed Cambridge W Heffer amp Sons Keane Elinor 2004 Tamil Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 1 111 116 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001549 Khan Sameer ud Dowla Weise Constanze 2013 Upper Saxon Chemnitz dialect PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 2 231 241 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000145 Kruspe Nicole Hajek John 2009 Mah Meri Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 2 241 248 doi 10 1017 S0025100309003946 Lass Roger 2002 South African English In Mesthrie Rajend ed Language in South Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521791052 Lawrence Erma 1977 Haida Dictionary Fairbanks Alaska Native Language Center Lee Hyun Bok 1999 Korean Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 120 122 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Ni Chasaide Ailbhe 1999 Irish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 111 116 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Roca Iggy Johnson Wyn 1999 Course in Phonology Blackwell Publishing Scobbie James M Gordeeva Olga B Matthews Benjamin 2006 Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology An Overview Edinburgh QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers Thomas Erik R 2001 An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English Publication of the American Dialect Society 85 Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society Tillery Jan Bailey Guy 2004 The urban south Phonology In Kortmann Bernd Schneider Edgar W eds A Handbook of Varieties of English Vol 1 Phonology Walter de Gruyter p 333 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Trudgill Peter 2004 The dialect of East Anglia Phonology In Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A Handbook of Varieties of English Vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 163 177 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Wells J C 1982 Accents of English 3 Beyond the British Isles Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 28541 0 Yanushevskaya Irena Buncic Daniel 2015 Russian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 2 221 228 doi 10 1017 S0025100314000395 Nikulin Andrey Carvalho Fernando O de 2019 Estudos diacronicos de linguas indigenas brasileiras um panorama Macabea Revista Eletronica do NETLLI in Brazilian Portuguese 8 2 Crato doi 10 47295 MREN V8I2 1910 External linksList of languages with ʌ on PHOIBLE, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games, mobile, phone, android, ios, apple, mobile phone, samsung, iphone, xiomi, xiaomi, redmi, honor, oppo, nokia, sonya, mi, pc, web, computer